A Study Resource on Business,Management and Technology

Cloud impact on platforms and applications – a perspective on architecture

2011-05-20T00:43:00.000+05:30

By Shripadraj Mujumdar, Cognizant Technology Solutions

Context

Today’s large businesses are heavily characterized by globalization and interconnectedness. Therefore, the key effective trends of importance can be summarized as- Business process improvement and consolidations, supply chains. Reducing enterprise costs and managing change initiatives, increasing the use of analytics. Improving enterprise workforce effectiveness, enable innovation and Targeting customers and markets more effectively. In a nutshell, organizations are looking for shorter lines of communication, deeper relationships between stakeholders, and more shared knowledge and data of the company and business, up and down the ranks and across linked partners.

Similarly, with ever-increasing definitions of the enterprise, boundaries to support above key focus areas in an organization’s set of technologies which are playing a pivotal role can be identified as virtualization and Cloud, Service Oriented Architecture, Web 2.0, mobile technologies, unified communications, business intelligence and document management and storage. The game changer here is specifically “The Cloud,” which provides the necessary model to commoditize the platforms, Infrastructure and applications.

Software application architectures have traversed the path of separation of functions, objects and layers till separation of concerns in terms of services. The new applications are more open, collaborative, and social, and the main factor for facilitation has been maturity and adoption of standards for interoperability and compliance on feature sets. With Cloud power playing its role, this core definition of software and applications is set to undergo yet another paradigm shift, impacting the direction on how Enterprise IT systems are architected, leveraged and governed.

Impact of Cloud on platforms and architecture

In most of the literature, more often than less, the advantages listed for Cloud Computing put more emphasis on its infrastructure aspect and its economic benefit. The economic change that may come to computing services is in terms of changes in patterns and factors of production and consumption, besides aggregation of supply and demand. Moreover, the ability to make over the counter choice and substitution is also an important factor that will impact overall economics of computing in times to come. The real power of the Cloud model will be realized in terms of how platforms, applications and services will get proliferated on pay-per-use or more creative models. For applications which follow new generation of styles, here are possible considerations for impact that may happen in the architecture definition and process. In the future, off-the-shelf patterns will emerge to internalize many such considerations and we may hopefully even see support available at a platform/framework level.

Business Architecture: The base-level business processes would be set to benefit more from Cloud-based IT service choices in an open model, thus impacting overall business architecture at the enterprise level, driven by the need and ability to explore opportunities for optimization, enhancement and scaling

Enterprise Assets Reorganization- Based on the speed of adoption, there would be a trend to consolidate the enterprise assets, and replace and reassemble some of them using Cloud-based trusted services, platforms and infrastructure, thus eliminating redundancy. There will be a boost to such service-based outsourcing to leverage cost advantages and minimize in-house maintenance. The data architecture, again, will have a consolidation phase and should be planned to leverage Cloud-based data services – Data as Service — and segregate data within enterprise boundaries and across a public Cloud, creating data virtualization. Moreover, as more Cloud security standards and specifications evolve, potentially there will be shifts in data organization. The possibility of easy access to big data will drive enterprise-level data models to further levels

Solution and Application Architecture- The most important impact that is happening due to Cloud is on ability of solutions and applications to pop their head out of the traditional box and utilize on massive computing power and scale. Some of the features described below may apply based on the actual application scenario. However, for large-scale, multi-client, multi-scenario applications, all would make sense in the longer term

Service Orientation- The Cloud-based applications architecture provides a real home to service orientation of applications. With Cloud-based architectures, there would be out-of-the-box support, service end point abstractions, available for SAAS choice available, hence the new applications’ need to expose service interfaces beyond regular access channels to support virtualized service mash-ups. The applications which operate in hybrid mode may well be thought about as assembled from Cloud and non-Cloud parts of services and data

Multi-tenancy- Similar to the Cloud environment, this facilitates sharing of computing infrastructure across multiple consumers, Cloud applications, running on top of it need to support multiple tenants to avail economies of scale. There can be flexibility to adopt for specific tenancy models based on consumer preferences, accordingly isolation levels can be worked out

New Integration Scenarios- While applications and business platforms move to Cloud, their interlinkages will invariably have to shift in a similar way. It gives rise to possible new scenarios in which Cloud-based integration can be performed utilizing possible advantage points to find optimal ways

Cost of Operation/Consumption- The effect of commoditization will directly create a requirement at applications and related level to support similar model. Thus multiple models may have to be supported with blended price structure, similar to support levels we have in regular service provisioning

Interoperability- The applications and its services need to follow interoperability models considering wide scenario of usage. As of today, the Cloud platforms by themselves don’t set a great example of portability and interoperation. However, the services hosted on such platforms have more scale of access scenarios and need to follow well-established standards to facilitate mash-up scenarios

Dynamic & Flexible Definition- Considering pay-per-use model and service orientation, applications will need to support the selection of features and services to be used, and pricing model around those services, in order to be competitive and optimal. This is also in terms of transferring the benefit of granular pricing model at Cloud-level to end consumers

Extensibility- Many sorts of software today also have some extension features which hook up online for doing certain tasks. Going forward, the application extensibility will not be limited to local scenarios, but to be able to choose background services and features for consumption and addition of features dynamically. This will allow the creation of very powerful applications. However, from an architecture standpoint, provisioning for such extension points have to be well thought of

Elasticity- Configuration & Self Service- In order to support scalability and load variance, the dynamic elasticity on Cloud needs to be utilized in an optimal way. Applications may have to provision for a self-service model for configuration of load modeling and accordingly provision the Cloud resources. Similarly, a self-service model may have to be extended to encompass feature selection scenarios, and pricing will then depend on such selection

Parallelism– The batch process framework and scenarios in today’s applications may get redefined going forward, due to massive parallelization capabilities which can come out of Cloud-based infrastructure. This in essence will also have an impact on certain business processes when latency is removed. For generic frameworks and applications supporting a wide range of consumption patterns, this may have to be configurable

Context Awareness- The applications may have to be context-aware in order to be more usable. While the applications move to few centralized locations from a deployment perspective, the consumptions will increase due to high levels of commoditization and access, and a common base will have to cater to variety of contexts

Service Discovery and Catalogs- With multiple capabilities expected out of services and parameters, and pricing models they would support, discovery and metadata of services will undergo extensions with reference to description of services. The frameworks which support service discovery and facilitate consumption will undergo a change to support the same in the future

Monitoring, Operations- The monitoring and operational support on Cloud components in an application would be more complex and limited by facilities exposed by such components. Thus, based on specific need and Cloud infrastructure, the frameworks and architectural elements need to be considered for support

Metrics, SLAs- The Metrics and SLA as used in on-premise software may have change in their definitions. Those will be aggregated functions of on-premise and Cloud services/components collectively. Thus, beyond functional aspect of catalogs in Cloud services, the other aspects of operational specifications may also need to be noted and can become important aspect while choosing amongst similar components

In conclusion, The Cloud, which used to be one of the abstractions in traditional architecture diagrams, is now set to swallow other neighboring elements. When Cloud reaches its fully adopted level, it will influence application architectures by driving them to be more componentized and service-oriented to support agility, commoditization and choice. Consolidating on these points, my presentation on the “Reverse Impact of Cloud” on May 11, at The Open Group Conference, London, 2011 will cover some of the factors which are important considerations for being Cloud-ready, architectures and present scenarios which depict application integration possibilities with Cloud.

Shripadraj Mujumdar will be presenting on the “Reverse Impact of Cloud on Platforms and Architecture” at The Open Group Conference, London, May 9-13. Join us for best practices and case studies on Enterprise Architecture, Cloud, Security and more, presented by preeminent thought leaders in the industry.

Shripadraj R Mujumdar [Prasanna], Senior Architect at Cognizant Technology Solutions, India, is part of Cognizant’s Global Technology Office and carries with him an extensive experience of 16 years of consulting and architecting strategic technology initiatives in corporate and customer programs. He has been instrumental in the inception of new service offerings through COEs, competency & delivery excellence, and in leadership capacity to create high performance technology/domain-focused teams. Shripadraj has done substantial work in India and abroad for several top-notch global customers in order to provide technology solutions and consulting — solving their critical business issues. Apart from his work interest , he actively participates in the blogosphere and is avid reader of science and philosophy. He holds a degree in engineering and has undergone the corporate education program on business leadership.

Microsoft SkyScrapr

2008-02-12T19:11:00.000+05:30

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IT Metrics and Productivity Articles ( From ITMP Institute)

2008-02-06T16:08:00.000+05:30

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The Future of Software Engineering: Part VThis is the final in a series of five columns by Watts Humphrey on the future of software engineering. This column covers overall trends in the industry and probable scenarios of the future, focusing on the forces at work on software-intensive businesses...
A Personal Commitment to Software QualityMuch of the following paper is an excerpt from one chapter of the book, A Discipline for Software Engineering (Addison Wesley) by the author. This textbook describes the personal software process (PSP) and provides a step-by-step program for its...
Watts Humphrey on Software QualityFrom the Computer World interview with Watts Humphrey conducted in March of 2004: "Watts S. Humphrey is a fellow and a research scientist in the Software Process Program of the Software Engineering Institute (SEI) at Carnegie Mellon University in...
Site of the WeekThe Watts Humphrey Archive
Watts Humphrey: The Changing World of SoftwareSince the early days of software development, our industry has been the outstanding example of poor performance. Even today, few expect software to be delivered on time and, when the products finally arrive, they often have lots of defects. How long will...
The Future of Software Engineering: Part IIIIn this article, the third in a five part series, Watts Humphrey explores trends in systems programming, including the nature of the systems programming business. By necessity, this must also cover trends in computing systems. (5 pages)
The Future of Software Engineering: Part IVThis is the fourth in a five part series by Watts Humphrey on the future of software engineering. The first two columns focused on trends in application programming, particularly related to quality and staffing. The previous column covered systems...
Book of the WeekWinning with Software: An Executive Strategy by Watts Humphrey From the publisher: "Humphrey, drawing on his own extensive executive and management experience, first demonstrates the critical importance of software to nearly every...
He Wrote the Book on DebuggingFrom the Business Week interview with Watts Humphrey from May of 2005: "Outside of the software world, few know of Watts S. Humphrey. But within, he's a bit of a rock star, known as the "father of software quality." Now a fellow of Carnegie Mellon...
The Future of Software Engineering: Part IIn this column, the first in a series, Watts Humphrey discusses the future of software engineering. He focuses on trends in application programming, particularly as they concern quality. In the subsequent columns, He also addresses programming skills,...
The Future of Software Engineering: Part IIThis is the second of several columns by Watts Humphrey on the future of software engineering. While the first column focused on trends in application programming, particularly related to quality, this column reviews data on programmer staffing and then...
Book of the WeekManaging the Software Process By Watts. S. Humphrey From the back cover: "The author, drawing on years of experience at IBM and the SEI, provides here practical guidance for improving the software development and maintenance process. He...
Requirements Risks Drown Software ProjectsSoftware requirements management is often viewed as a stand-alone task in terms of life-cycle activities. Of course, some of the major risks to project completion are incomplete, inaccurate, or vague requirements. In this article by Theron Leishman and...
Writing a Software Requirements DocumentThis paper by Tanya Berezin discusses the purpose and contents of a requirements document for a business application. It will help you write a professional requirements document. At the conclusion of the paper, the author includes a bibliography for...
Writing Software Requirements SpecificationsWriting top-quality requirements specifications begins with a complete definition of customer requirements coupled with a natural language that incorporates strength and weakness quality indicators- not to mention the adoption of a good SRS template....
Book of the WeekMore About Software Requirements: Thorny Issues and Practical Advice By Karl Wiegers From the Book Description: "Have you ever delivered software that satisfied all of the project specifications, but failed to meet any of the customers'...
Do: Take Time Getting FasterDisciplined planning and execution significantly reduce the variability of project results. They also establish a solid foundation for getting projects done faster, the organization's ultimate goal. Since you are unlikely to achieve sustainable cycle time...
Do: Align the Reward SystemThe reward system provides the most tangible evidence of what senior management wants the organization to be when it grows up. If senior management truly wants to transform the organization, they have to take a hard look at the existing reward system and...
Do: Become a Learning OrganizationSMany organizations religiously capture "lessons identified" and then carefully place these pearls of wisdom into a seldom-accessed file cabinet or write-only database. Aldous Huxley told us, "That men do not learn very much from the lessons of history is...
Book of the WeekCreating a Softare Engineering Culture by Karl E. Wiegers From the Publisher: "Written in a remarkably clear style, Creating a Software Engineering Culture presents a comprehensive approach to improving the quality and effectiveness of...
Software Testing as an Art, a Craft, and a DisciplineUnderstanding software, faults and failures is the ?rst step to treating software testing as a discipline. Treating software as a discipline is the ?rst step toward mastering software quality. And there is more, always more to learn. Discipline is a...
Tell Me About Your Organization's Quality Assurance and TestingThis article by Gary E. Mogyorodi presents 20 questions used to determine and understand how mature the quality assurance and testing environments are within an organization. The questions are ordered to begin with those easiest to answer and become...
Site of the WeekSTORM
Growth of Human Factors in Application DevelopmentThirty, twenty, or even 10 years ago, "gestalt, round-trip, spiral development", "management by walking around", and "lo-tech design" were not acceptable phrases on an application development project. Hiring a psychologist to do ethnographic or cognitive...
The Camel Has Two HumpsLearning to program is notoriously difficult. A substantial minority of students fails in every introductory programming course in every UK university. Despite heroic academic effort, the proportion has increased rather than decreased over the years....
The Influence of the Psychology of Programming on a Language DesignResearch in Psychology of Programming (PoP) and related fields over the past thirty years has identified many important usability issues for programming languages and tools. However, when new programming languages are designed these findings do not seem...
Book of the WeekThe Psychology of Computer Programming By Gerald Weinberg From the Back Cover: "Long regarded as one of the first books to pioneer a people-oriented approach to computing, The Psychology of Computer Programming endures as a penetrating...
The End of Software Engineering"Software engineering" was introduced as a model for the field of software development in 1968. This paper by Alistair Cockburn reconsiders that model in the light of four decades of experience, and finds it lacking in its ability to explain project...
No Silver Bullet: Essence and Accidents of Software EngineeringIn this article by Fred Brooks, Jr., the author's premise is that there are there no silver bullets for the software engineering crisis now in view. He furthermore believes that the very nature of software makes it unlikely that there will be any- no...
The Business Case for Better Software PracticesSlide presentation by Steve McConnell of Construx Software that outlines the opportunity at the heart of software process improvement initiatives while providing an overview for getting started. (39 pages)
Site of the WeekAlistair Cockburn
Agile CMMI: No OxymoronIn the ongoing battle between traditional and agile methodologies, many proponents of each side exhibit a general intolerance to the other's ideas. However, this adversarial attitude is not just unreasonable, it's counterproductive to the task at hand:...
Stretching Agile to fit CMM Level 3Agile practitioners pride themselves on highly productive, responsive, low ceremony, lightweight, tacit knowledge processes with little waste, adaptive planning and frequent iterative delivery of value. It is often assumed that CMMI compliant processes...
CMMI Level 2 Within 6 Months? No Way!Global Analytic Information Technology Services, Inc. (GAITS) decided to receive a Software Engineering Institute (SEI) Capability Maturity Model Integration (CMMI) Level 2 rating within five months. The purpose of this article by George Jackelen is to...
Site of the WeekAgile CMMI Blog
Understanding and Improving Software ProductivityThe goal of this article by Walt Scacchi at the Institute for Software Research at the University of California is to review a sample of empirical studies of software productivity for large-scale software systems from the 1970s through the early 2000s in...
Software Development ProductivityThe time has come for serious efforts to increase productivity through more efficient use of labor and more effective value propositions for customers. This is how more mature economic sectors have been increasing productivity for decades. But first we...
Why Software is So Bad and What We Can Do to Fix ItThere is something fundamentally wrong with the way we create software. Contrary to conventional wisdom, unreliability is not an essential characteristic of complex software programs. In this article by Louis Savain, the author proposes a silver bullet...
Site of the WeekInstitute for Software Research
Book of the WeekSoftware Productivity by Harlan D. Mills From the Publisher: "In this masterful collection, the late mathematician and software methods pioneer Harlan D. Mills offers you twenty classic articles that document the technical and managerial...
An Interview with Pekka ForseliusPekka Forselius is a researcher and developer of project management methods and concepts, including FiSMA Scope Managemtnt, FiSMA 1.1 FSM method and the KISS Functional Size Measurement approach. He is currently business partner, CEO and project...
Software Development Program CharacteristicsTypically, very few software development projects in large organizations are delivered in time and within budget. Pekka Forselius in his article introduces Seven Information and Communication Technology (ICT) project types and a method for analyzing the...
Functional Size Measurement by KISSFunction Point Analysis is often said to be too difficult a method for software development estimation purposes. In this article, Pekka Forselius introduces the KISS approach to functional size measurement. With 28 questions about different base...
ICT Project Success with Scope ManagementWith two thirds of the world's Information and Communication Technology (ICT) projects deemed as failures, it seems that managing scope is not a common practice within Project Management. Pekka Forselius and Carol Dekkers recommend approaches and tips...
Why Software FailsThe business and societal costs of software failures—in terms of wasted taxpayer and shareholder dollars as well as investments that can't be made—are now well into the billions of dollars a year. Of the IT projects that are initiated, from 5 to 15...
What Engineering Has in Common with Manufacturing and Why it MattersSoftware engineering is more like manufacturing than most people expect. Once we spot their similarities, we can apply the lessons learned over the last 50 years in manufacturing to software development. This article by Dr. Alistair Cockburn picks six...
The Challenge of "Good Enough" SoftwareThis article by James Bach is a slightly updated version of the the original that was published in American Programmer magazine in 1995. The author's ideas are rooted in his experiences at Apple Computer in the late 80's, and Borland in the early...
Site of the WeekIEEE Spectrum
The Ongoing Revolution in Software TestingIn this article, Cem Kaner discusses paradigmatic shifts in development and how such changes must be applied to testing as well. (29 pages)
Experiences Teaching a Course in Software TestingThe authors of this article teach a class on programmer-testing with a primary focus on test-driven development (TDD) as part of the software engineering curriculum at the Florida Institute of Technology. As of this writing, their course has been offered...
Test Tools for FreeIn this short article, Danny Faught discusses some free test tools, along with the basics of 'freeware', and information on a testing freeware newsletter. (2 pages)
Site of the WeekSoftware Test & Performance
An Overview of Project ManagementEvery organization or program creates and implements projects to help it move toward its goals. Every assigned project manager wants to be successful in executing assigned projects, and a number of standard practices exist to assist and guide the project...
Project Management Best PracticesOrganizations continue to look for the key to unlocking the mystery of project management (PM) best practices, but the steps that go into successful project management are not mysterious at all — they are standard procedures that, if executed, will...
The Ethics of Software Project ManagementThis Software project management is the collection of techniques used to develop and deliver various types of software products. This developing discipline traditionally includes technical issues such as: the choice of software development methodology,...
Site of the WeekConstrux
Strengths and Weaknesses of Software MetricsThe software industry lacks standard metric and measurement practices. Almost every software metric has multiple definitions and ambiguous counting rules. There are also key topics with no metrics at all, such as quantifying the volume or quality levels...
Software Estimating Rules of ThumbAccurate software estimating is too difficult for simple rules of thumb. Yet in spite of the availability of more than 50 commercial software estimating tools, simple rules of thumb remain the most common approach. Rules based on the function point metric...
Geriatric Issues of Aging SoftwareMaintenance of aging software tends to become more difficult year by year since updates gradually destroy the original structure of the applications and increase its entropy. Aging software may also contain troublesome regions with very high error...
Book of the WeekEstimating Software Costs by Capers Jones From the Back Cover: "Get a handle on skyrocketing software costs. Are your software costs spiraling out of control? Do your projects chronically run late, exceed budget, and go out the door bug-laden,...
Executing the EstimateThe key to consistent project success is effective software sizing, but sizing is often the most difficult part of the project estimate. Project managers grapple with being able to accurately estimate the amount of code needed to satisfy product...
Software Reuse and Commercial Off-the-Shelf SoftwareOrganizations faced with the difficulties and costs associated with the development of software have turned to the reuse of existing software or using commercial off-the-shelf (COTS) software as an option. This article by Dan Galorath discusses some of...
Overcoming Cultural Obstacles to Managing RiskMany organizations create cultures that emphasize achievement of goals in the face of overwhelming challenges. This is an essential attitude for any successful organization, but if taken to extremes, this attitude makes it very difficult for management to...
Site of the WeekGalorath
Latent Defect Estimation with CRMDefect removal and defect prevention techniques are no longer good enough to inspire customer confidence in the quality of delivered software products. In this article Joe Schofield describes the "business case" for removing defects and demonstrates how...
Using Peer Review Data to Manage DefectsPeer reviews and software inspections, have become accepted within the software industry as a cost effective way of removing defects. In this article Steven Lett discusses how project managers can maximize the benefits derived from collecting and...
Myths and Strategies of Defect Causal AnalysisThe popular process improvement approaches (e.g., Six Sigma, CMMI and Lean) all incorporate causal analysis activities. In this article David Card explores some of the common misunderstanding associated with the concept of causality and suggests some...
Site of the WeekQ-Labs
Measurement for Successful ProjectsThe one attribute that remains constant in all successful projects is measurement. This is the key to successfully managing a project. Equipped with the right set of measures, software project managers can properly set expectations and maintain greater...
Agile and the Declaration of InterdependenceThere has been recent debate over the apparent incompatibility that is thought to exist between Agile Software Development and Software Process Improvement models such as the CMMI. Michael Harris takes the position that software process improvement...
Shedules, Costs, & Value of Software Process ImprovementsThe topic of software process improvement is now very popular in the United States, Europe, and the Pacific Rim. Unfortunately the popularity of a topic is not commensurate with the quantitative data that is available about a topic. This report shows a 36...
Site of the WeekDavid Consulting Group
Book of the WeekMeasuring the Software Process: A Practical Guide by David Garmus and David Herron From Amazon: "Function point counting is one of the fastest growing software management techniques used in the software industry today. This book shows how to...
50 Questions a CEO Should Ask About SoftwareWhether Software is a critical factor in many aspects of corporate operations. Unlike most aspects of corporate operations, software has been difficult to bring under full executive control. Many chief executive officers (CEO's) have only a limited...
Conflict & Litigation between Clients & DevelopersSoftware development and maintenance outsource contracts may lead to conflicts between the client and the service organization. For a significant number of disputes, the conflict may reach the point of litigation for breach of contract. The root cause of...
Positive & Negative Engineering InnovationsThis article by Capers Jones puts forth the hypothesis that the main reason for the shortage of positive innovation in software development methods is due to a lack of understanding of the underlying problems of the software development domain. A...
Site of the WeekSoftware Productivity Research, Inc.
Book of the WeekEstimating Software Costs by Capers Jones From the Back Cover: "Get a handle on skyrocketing software costs. Are your software costs spiraling out of control? Do your projects chronically run late, exceed budget, and go out the door bug-laden, if...
Opportunity AversionFor better or worse, corporate governance activities have dominated executive decision-making in public companies over the past few years. Now that Sarbanes-Oxley Act Section 404 has reshaped how companies report their financials, big accounting firms and...
Inside RisksThe benefits of applying risk analysis and management are obvious, but their hazards are often hidden. In this article by Dr. Robert Charette, the author outlined six risks inherent to risk analysis. (1 page)
The Competitive Edge of Risk EntrepreneursFor companies to prosper in competitive environments, merely improving the efficiency of processes will not substitute for lagging revenue growth.This is especially true for companies that depend heavily on IT. For them, it also means knowing how to take...
Site of the WeekThe ITABHI Corporation
The Practical Application of Software MeasurementIT has become an important part of organizations' strategy, competitive advantage and profitability. There is management pressure to build systems faster, better and at minimum cost. The return on investment that an organization can get from the money it...
Planning Projects- Role Effort RatiosAre you still providing quotations for projects, or planning projects, with only intuition as a guide for how much time each type of project resource is likely to spend? A recent question from a customer prompted the ISBSG to look into their data...
Functional Size Measurement and COCOMOThis paper by Tony Rollo proposes an alternative use of the COCOMO model to assist in the task of estimation. The generally accepted method of estimation using a functional sizing method is to base the estimate on previous project data, where those...
Site of the WeekISBSG
An Interview with Pat O'Toole, Visiting Scientist, SEIPat O'Toole is the Principal Consultant at Process Assessment, Consulting & Training (PACT) where he provides a full range of services to his process improvement clients. Pat is one of the most active CMMI lead appraisers, and has led appraisals spanning...
Eye on the PrizeWhy are your projects being so difficult and how can your process group achieve maturity level 2 if the projects dont get with the program? Why arent the projects helping you to achieve success? In this article by Patrick O'Toole, the first in a seven...
Do: Establish the Alignment PrincipleOkay, so what is the higher-level business strategy? And how do you define project success? And what do you do with senior managements directive to achieve maturity level 2? Patrick O'Toole, Visiting Scientist at the SEI, addresses these questions in this...
An Interview with Pekka ForseliusPekka Forselius is a researcher and developer of project management methods and concepts, including FiSMA Scope Managemtnt, FiSMA 1.1 FSM method and the KISS Functional Size Measurement approach. He is currently business partner, CEO and project...
Software Development Program CharacteristicsTypically, very few software development projects in large organizations are delivered in time and within budget. Pekka Forselius in his article introduces Seven Information and Communication Technology (ICT) project types and a method for analyzing the...
Functional Size Measurement by KISSFunction Point Analysis is often said to be too difficult a method for software development estimation purposes. In this article, Pekka Forselius introduces the KISS approach to functional size measurement. With 28 questions about different base...
ICT Project Success with Scope ManagementWith two thirds of the world's Information and Communication Technology (ICT) projects deemed as failures, it seems that managing scope is not a common practice within Project Management. Pekka Forselius and Carol Dekkers recommend approaches and tips...
Implementing an Organizational Software Process Improvement ProgramOrganizations must be prepared to accomplish key activities when implementing a software engineering process program. Beth Layman, in her article, focuses on describing the "meta-process" that allows an organization to create, use, and improve a set of...
Measurement Maturity and the CMMOrganizations using the Software Engineering Institute's Capability Maturity Model (CMM) or Capability Maturity Model Integrated (CMMI) often struggle with the apparent paradigm shift as the transition between Levels. In this article, Beth Layman and...
An Interview with Beth LaymanBeth Layman is Senior Director of Business Process Improvement at McAfee. Prior to joining McAfee, Beth worked as Senior Director at Borland and as COO of TeraQuest. Her work experience encompasses a wide range of markets and industris including...
Book of the WeekPractical Software Measurement: Objective Information for Decision Makers From the Foreword by Barry Boehm: "PSM provides you with a way to realize the significant benefits of a software measurement program, while understanding and avoiding the...
Integrating ITIL and Lean Six SigmaAs the awareness and penetration of Lean Six Sigma has increased significantly over the last several years, many organizations struggle to understand and leverage the relationships between Lean Six Sigma and several other approaches to software process...
Applying Six Sigma to Software Implementation ProjectsThis article, by Gary Gack, focuses on applications of Lean Six Sigma to software or technology implementation projects that may fall within the scope of the IT operations group and/or the software development group. (12 pages)
Mad Belt Disease: Certification- Form or Substance?Gary Gack discribes the increasingly frantic emphasis on "certification" as a Lean Six Sigma Black Belt as a disturbing trend. He also discusses how we're losing sight of another LSS fundamental - the need to connect LSS projects to important business...
Site of the WeekProcess-Fusion
25 Years and Thousands of Projects LaterIn Most current software estimating models still implement fundamental relationships that are based on 25 year old data and assumptions. Data from many thousands of projects have since been collected. This article by Mike Ross, CEO of r2 Estimating,...
Software Size UncertaintyDeveloped by the Internal Control Institute, here are ten tough questions to help you make a quick self-assessment of your corporation's governance and control risk. (2 pages)
Project Portfolio Management PlanningThe pressure to demonstrate that each new IT project will either save money, increase sales, or result in enterprise-wide efficiencies is greater than ever. Mike Ross demonstrates how to analyze projects objectively so that they can be more effectively...
Site of the WeekR2 Estimating
QAI Innovation SeriesIn the IT industry, managers and supervisors must constantly stay on the leading-edge to attract and keep the best performers. This article by Michael Pregmon, Jr., Ph.D., has a specific focus on IT Innovation and improving the software development and...
Corporate Governance and Internal Control PracticesDeveloped by the Internal Control Institute, here are ten tough questions to help you make a quick self-assessment of your corporation's governance and control risk. (2 pages)
Metrics Based Project GovernancePam Morris, Ceo of Total Metrics, describes a rigorous approach to software development project control by introducing functional size measurement at the planning stage and objectively quantifying the status and scope of the project and its deliverables...
Site of the WeekQAI Worldwide
Surviving Global DevelopmentAlthough there are many good reasons to globally distribute development activities, success is not guaranteed by just opening a development center in another region of the world. This article by Cristof Ebert and Philip De Neve summarizes and distills...
Improving Validation Activities in a Global Software DevelopmentGlobal software development challenges traditional techniques of software engineering, such as peer reviews or teamwork. In this case study, Christof Ebert, Casimiro Hernandez Parro, Roland Suttels, and Harald Kolarczyk have evaluated experiences with...
4 Key Requirements of the Product Life CycleMany enterprises view time to market and schedule prerformance as the key differentiators between market leaders and followers. Cristof Ebert shows us that a field study involving many industry projects revealed that only those that took a requirements...
Site of the WeekVector Consulting
When Good Numbers Go BadWhether you are a function point specialist, project manager or metrics guru, one of your roles is to act as a steward of the numbers and a high priest of information. This article by Thomas M. Cagely Jr. combines stark realities of how measures can go...
Improved Performance Follows Process ImprovementImproved performance in software development can be achieved by investing in best software development practices. In this article from the March issue of the DACS Software Tech News, David Garmus and Stasia Iwanicki discuss how one organization identified...
The Challenge of Productivity MeasurementIn an era of tight budgets and increased outsourcing, getting a good measure of an organizations productivity is a persistent management concern. In an article from the Pacific Northwest Software Quality Conference, David M. Card discusses the key...
Site of the WeekDavid Consulting Group
Successfully Exploiting Metrics and the COSMIC-FFP MethodIn this article, Charles Symons, Joint Leader of the Common Software Measurement International Consortium, examines the economic benefits that could be obtained by relevant parts of the UK software industry using a metrics program to help achieve...
A Method for Sizing All SoftwareTypically only the business applications layer is measured using Function Points. This article by Pam Morris, CEO of Total Metrics, Austrailia, introduces another more recent functional method known as COSMIC-FFP, which enables all the functionality that...
Primitive Counting SystemsIn this article, Charles Symons compares the IFPUG function point method to the most primitive counting method known to man, stating that software re-measured using the COSMIC-FFP method more properly reflects the increasing size and complexity of...
Site of the WeekThe Common Software Measurement International Consortium
5 Logical Components of Function Point ApproximationFunction Point approximations have proved to be helpful during feasibility studies and at project starts. In this article, Manfred Bundschuh, president of the German Software Metrics Association, demonstrates the results of such approximation. (13 pages)
A Holistic Dynamic Classification Framework for Software EstimationIn this article, Manfred Bundschuh outlines a holistic dynamic classification framework for improving your software project estimates. (8 pages)
Estimation of IT ProjectsIn this article, Manfred Bundschuh explains how to achieve expertise in IT project estimation. (11 pages)
Site of the WeekDASMA
Understanding the Roots of Process Performance FailureGiven all of our investments in process improvement, why hasn't program performance significantly improved? Robert Charette and his colleagues Laura Dwinnell and John McGarry try to answer this question in this 2004 CrossTalk article, based on their...
Liar, Fool or Both?IT projects are notorious for consistently being over-budget, late and not meeting customer or user expectations. Is the problem one of poorly practiced software estimation or is there something else at work? Robert Charette explores the possibilities in...
Failing SuccessfullyWe don't fail enough in IT. That is the provocative argument Robert Charette makes in this article from a 2004 article in Cutter consortium's IT Journal that looks at the difference between IT project failure and IT project blunders. Readers can find a...
Site of the WeekITABHI Corporation
Competing in the Software Industry - Will CMMI Certification Help?Foreign software companies are touting certification in the Capability Maturity Model (CMM) as an important competitive advantage over local firms. This article by Ed Carroll explores the question, What should software engineers do in this difficult work...
Getting Started with CMMI AdoptionAre you interested in starting a process improvement program in your organization? Or just looking to learn more about CMMI? The following article put out by the SEI can help you get started with these questions. (2 pages)
Demonstrating the Impact and Benefits of the CMMISerious process improvement of any kind requires a considerable investment of time and money on the part of the organizations that decide to pursue it. Capability Maturity Model Integration (CMMI)-based improvement is no exception, and trustworthy...
Book of the WeekCMMI Survival Guide: Just Enough Process Improvement by Suzanne Garcia and Richard Turner From the Publisher: "The CMMI Survival Guide is an effective resource for multiple readerships. If you are just now considering a process improvement program,...
An Introduction to Agile Software DevelopmentThis paper by Victor Szalvay is an introduction to the Agile school of software development, and is primarily targeted at IT Managers and CXOs with an interest in improving development productivity. The author introduces the waterfall school and compares...
Should You Be More Agile?Agile software development techniques are an effective response to many of the problems that still plague development projects. Agile development has come into focus recently due to the popularity of its most widely known interpretation, eXtreme...
When to Be AgileNot every IT project lends itself to adaptive development. We must understand when adaptive development is appropriate and when predictive development is appropriate. The same question is facing many IT professionals around the world, as adaptive...
Site of the WeekCIO Magazine Research Center
POWER POINT: Software Process ModelsGood overview of waterfall and iterative models: advantages, disadvantages and how to choose a model that is right for you. (11 pages)
A Survey of System Development Process ModelsThis document, produced by the Center for Technology in Government, provides a more in depth overview of common system development process models, used to guide the analysis, design, development, and maintenance of information systems. There are many...
Site of the WeekThe Air Force Software Technology Support Center
ITIL DemystifiedAs IT becomes increasingly automated under the new data center architecture, more companies are embracing best practices procedures outlined in formal IT frameworks. At stake are service quality, security, regulatory compliance and other increasingly...
Better Management Through ITIL Best PracticesThe good news about adopting best practices is that corproations aren't limited to one method. The bad news is that companies will most likely need to adopt more than one best practice framework - or at least parts of many - if they want a complete,...
Common Myths About ITILCompanies around the globe are jumping on the IT Infrastructure Library (ITIL) bandwagon. According to Forrester Research Inc. of Cambridge, Mass., 40 percent of $1 billion-plus companies will be implementing ITIL by the end of this year (2006). While...
Site of the WeekThe IT Infrastructure Library
Obedience Training for ManagersCapability maturity model-based process improvements bring about significant organizational change. Managers and change agents are always looking for methods to bring about this type of change. In this article, Virinia Slavin and Paul Kimmerly draw...
Manager, Heal ThyselfImplementing development improvements may require us to make a shift in our role as managers. Top-down management where the managers take all the responsibility - make all the plans, set all the schedules, specify all the work - and then check up on their...
Resistance to Process ImprovementIn this article by Joanna Rothman, the author discusses how various forms of resistance to process improvement can be negotiated or worked around. (3 pages)
Site of the WeekJoel on Software
Iterative and Incremental Development: A Brief HistoryAlthough many view iterative and incremental development as a modern practice, its application dates as far back as the 1950s. Prominent software engineering leaders from each succeeding decade supported IID practices, and many large projects used them...
Site of the WeekAgile Alliance Library
Book of the WeekAgile and Iterative Development: A Manager's Guide by Craig Larman From the Back Cover: "This is the definitive guide for managers and students to agile and iterative development methods: what they are, how they work, how to implement them - and why...
Making Software Measurement WorkA successful measurement process becomes a way of doing business. Measurement is embedded in the organization, and performance improves because people are making fact-based decisions. This article by Cheryl Jones of the US Army describes characteristics...
Measurement for Process ImprovementSpecific software process improvement measures need to be established that best suit an organization. This article from 2005 by Joyce Statz discusses and highlights some of the guidance on measurent provided by the Practical Software and Systems...
POWER POINT: Measures for SuccessExcellent presentation produced by the US Army on lessons learned from software measurement and software process improvement initiatives. (22 pages)
Site of the WeekPractical Software and Systems Measurement
Book of the WeekPractical Software Measurement: Objective Information for Decision Makers From the Book Description: "Objective, meaningful, and quantifiable measurement is critical to the successful development of today's complex software systems. Supported by the...
An Interview with Watts Humphrey, Founder of the SEIWatts S. Humphrey founded the Software Process Program of the Software Engineering Institute (SEI) at Carnegie Mellon University. He is a Fellow of the Institute and is a research scientist on its staff. From 1959 to 1986 he was associated with IBM...
Pathways to Process Maturity: The Personal and Team Software ProcessesThe CMM, PSP, and TSP provide an integrated three-dimensional framework for process improvement. The CMM has 18 key process areas, and the PSP and TSP guide engineers in addressing almost all of them. These methods not only help software engineers be more...
VIDEO: Watts Humphrey on "Competing in the Software Age"In this video presentation, Watts Humphrey discusses the ROI of Software Process Improvement, risks and exposures of software development, opportunities ahead, and how the Personal and Team Software Processes can be used to address these issues.
Site of the WeekSEI: The Personal Software and Team Software Process
Book of the WeekThe Team Software Process by Watts Humphrey From the Back Cover: "'Leaders of software-development projects face many challenges. First, you must produce a quality product on schedule and on budget. Second, you must foster and encourage a cohesive,...
An Interview with Lawrence Putnam, Software PioneerLawrence (Larry) Putnam is a renowned authority on software estimation and measurement. Larry was the first recipient of "Freiman" award for sustained superior performance in parametric estimation covering a ten-year period. He is the founder and has been...
End Your Frustration With Software DevelopmentThe constant litany we hear from high-level managers about software development projects is that projects take too long and cost too much. Then they complain that they dont find out that projects are in trouble until it is too late to do anything about...
9 Keys to Successfully Managing Software ProjectsCan managing software development be as simple as reading a brief "to-do/not-to-do" list? No. All evidence indicates that software development is especially difficult to manage. Nevertheless, in this article by Larry Putnam, the author outlines 9 "keys"...
Site of the WeekQSM: Quantitative Software Management
Book of the WeekFive Core Metrics: The Intelligence Behind Successful Software Management by Lawrence Putnam and Ware Myers From the Book Description: "'To succeed in the software industry, managers need to cultivate a reliable development process. By measuring what...
An Interview with Grant Rule, Master Software Metrics PractitionerGrant Rule is a founder of Software Measurement Services Ltd, specialising in project and process appraisal, performance measurement, estimating, benchmarking and continuous improvement. Grant has some 34 years experience in IT. He is a recognised...
A Business Case for Software Process Improvement - RevisedMany companies in many different business sectors are reporting successful software process improvement (SPI) programs. They report return on investment (ROI) figures between 5 to 1 and 9 to 1. This article by Dr. Herb Krasner of the University of Texas...
Accumulating the Body of Evidence for the Payoff in Software Process ImprovementMost organizations do not think of themselves as military units, and they may not use the word "enemy" to characterize their competitors. But there are competitors, and they too are aware of the existence of simulations and war games. Just as an athletic...
Site of the WeekSoftware Measurement Services, LTD
Book of the WeekThe ROI of Software Process Improvement: Metrics for Project Managers and Software Engineers by David Rico From the Book Description: "'The ROI of Software Process Improvement' masterfully illuminates and simplifies otherwise complex topics in ROI. It...
An Interview with Ed Yourdon: International IT Consultant and Author of "Death March"Ed Yourdon is an internationally-recognized computer consultant, as well as the author of over 500 technical articles and 27 books, including Byte Wars, Managing High-Intensity Internet Projects, Death March, Rise and Resurrection of the American...
Surviving a Death March ProjectWhen was the last time you worked on a software development project that delivered everything the user wanted, on time and within budget and also involved a "rational" nine-to-five schedule? Most of us would consider ourselves lucky if our projects were...
Software War GamesMost organizations do not think of themselves as military units, and they may not use the word "enemy" to characterize their competitors. But there are competitors, and they too are aware of the existence of simulations and war games. Just as an athletic...
Site of the WeekEd Yourdon's Home Page
Book of the WeekDeath March, 2nd Edition by Ed Yourdon From the Book Description: "At an alarming rate, companies continue to create death-march projects, repeatedly! What's worse is the amount of rational, intelligent people who sign up for a death-march...
An Interview with Charles Symons: Creator of the Mark II Function Point and Founder, COSMICCharles Symons has 45 years experience in the use of computers for business and scientific purposes, in both public and private sectors, in all the major disciplines of the Information Systems function. He is currently joint project leader of COSMIC, the...
Sizing and Estimating for Real Time Software - the COSMIC FFP MethodIn this paper by Charles Symons, creator of the Mark II Function Point, the author describes the COSMIC FFP method and how it can be used for sizing real time software requirements, and hence be leveraged as the key ingredient for project estimating and...
Software Project Estimation BasicsIn this article by Kathleen Peters, the author provides an excellent introduction to the subject of software estimation. The core of the article consists of the author's analysis of the four key components of software estimation. Along the way, however,...
Site of the WeekCOSMIC: The Common Software Measurement International Consortium
Book of the WeekSoftware Sizing and Estimating: Mark II FPA by Charles Symons From the Publisher: "Software Sizing and Estimating" provides everything needed to implement Mk II FPA, which was previously available only under license. Mk II FPA represents a new...
An Interview with Dr. Barbara Kitchenham: Professor of Quantitative Software EngineeringDr. Barbara Kitchenham is Professor of Quantitative Software Engineering at Keele University in the UK; she is also a Senior Principal Researcher at National ICT Australia. She has worked in software engineering for nearly 30 years both in industry and...
Evidence-Based Software Engineering for PractitionersA recent report on the state of the UK IT Industry based most of its findings and recommendations on expert opinion. This paper, co-authored by Barbara Kitchenham, investigates what empirical evidence exists to support the view that the rate of IT project...
Large-Scale Software Engineering Questions Expert Opinion or Empirical Evidence?A recent report on the state of the UK IT Industry based most of its findings and recommendations on expert opinion. This paper, co-authored by Barbara Kitchenham, investigates what empirical evidence exists to support the view that the rate of IT project...
Site of the WeekThe 2006 CIO Symposium on Software Best Practices
Book of the WeekProcess Improvement in Practice: A Handbook for IT Companies by Tore Dyb, Torgeir Dingsyr, Nils Brede Moe IT companies are challenged every day to deliver faster, better and cheaper. The customer's expectations must be met in a world where constant...
An Interview with David Garmus: Author and Former IFPUG PresidentDavid Garmus is a Principal of The David Consulting Group (DCG), an SEI CMMI Approved Transition Partner and a PSM Transition Organization that supports software development organizations in achieving software excellence with a metric-centered approach....
Principles of Sizing and Estimating Projects Using IFPUG Function PointsThis article by David Garmus will consider the use of a basic estimating model utilizing functional sizing as one of the key components. As the author explains, the value to be gained from utilizing a functional sizing technique, such as Function Points,...
An Introduction to Function Point CountingThe function point method has proven to be an effective way to establish a meaningful unit-of-work measure and can be used to establish baseline costs and performance level monitors. Function point analysis centers around its ability to measure the size...
Site of the WeekThe David Consulting Group
Book of the WeekFunction Point Analysis: Measurement Practices for Successful Software Projects by David Garmus and David Herron From the Back Cover: "Function Point Analysis: Measurement Practices for Successful Software Projects" is a comprehensive presentation of...
IT Governance - What Is It Really? An Interview with Dr. Jeanne Ross, MIT Sloan School of ManagementDr. Jeanne W. Ross is Principal Research Scientist at the MIT Center for Information Systems Research. Her research focuses on the management of the IT unit, particularly on the management of the IT infrastructure and on changes in management demanded by...
How Effective is Your IT Governance?This study, by Jeanne Ross and Peter Weill of MIT, is based on a survey of CIOs at 256 enterprises and 50 case studies on how enterprises govern IT. While no simple formula offers specifications for implementing IT governance, Dr. Ross and Dr. Weill...
Recipe for Good GovernanceIn this article by Jeanne Ross and Peter Weill - published in CIO Magazein - the authors outline the ingredients for good IT governance (8 pages)
Site of the WeekCenter for Information Systems Research, MIT
Book of the WeekIT Governance: How Top Performers Manage IT Decision Rights for Superior Results by Jeanne Ross and Peter Weill From Amazon: "Seventy percent of all IT projects fail- and scores of books have attempted to help firms measure and manage IT systems and...
An Interview with Steve McConnell, Author of Software Estimation: Demystifying the Black Art Steve McConnell is CEO and chief software engineer at Construx Software, where he oversees software engineering practices, teaches classes, and writes books and articles. Steve is the author of the computing industry classics Code Complete and Rapid...
Ten Best Influences on Software EngineeringIn this article from IEEE Software, Steve McConnell set out to get some perspective on the best influences seen during software engineerings first 50 years. After drafting an initial list of influences, he turned to his IEEE advisory board (IEEE Software...
The Business of Software ImprovementThe return on investment in improved software practices is well documented. Nevertheless, the software process improvement ROI figures found in published literature are based on operational savings; that is, on reducing development cost per line of code...
Site of the WeekSteve McConnell's Home Page
Book of the WeekSoftware Estimation: Demystifying the Black Art by Steve McConnell From Amazon: "Often referred to as a "black art" because of its complexity and uncertainty, software estimation is not as hard or mysterious as people think. However, the art of...
An Interview with Barry BoehmBarry Boehm received his B.A. degree from Harvard in 1957, and his M.S. and Ph.D. degrees from UCLA in 1961 and 1964, all in Mathematics. Between 1989 and 1992, he served within the U.S. Department of Defense (DoD) as Director of the DARPA Information...
Software Economics: A RoadmapSoftware design is an investment activity, and software economics is the field that seeks to enable significant improvements in software design and engineering through economic reasoning about product, process, program, and portfolio and policy issues....
Site of the WeekCenter for Software Engineering: University of Southern California
Book of the WeekValue Based Software Engineering Editors: Stefan Biffl, Aybuke Aurum, Barry Boehm, Hakan Erdogmus, Paul Grunbacher From Amazon: "The IT community has always struggled with questions concerning the value of an organizations investment in software and...
An Interview with Manfred Bundschuh, President, German Software Metrics Association (DASMA)Manfred Bundschuh is the co-author - along with Christof Ebert, Andreas Schmietendorf, and Reiner Dumke - of Best Practices in Software Measurement. For the past 20 years he has been the quality manager of AXA Service AG in Cologne, Germany. In 1983 he...
Function Point Prognosis ApprovedA good documentation of counting and estimation data is a treasure for metrics programs. Manfred Bundschuh's investigations at AXA, as documented in this paper, demonstrate that valuable metrics can be gained from such collected data. A surplus benefit,...
Estimation of Maintenance TasksSoftware maintenance is defined as the modification of a software product after delivery to correct faults, to improve performance, or to adapt the product to a changed environment. Such maintenance usually exceeds other application development costs....
Site of the WeekThe German Software Metrics Association (DASMA)
Book of the WeekBest Practices in Software Measurement by Christof Ebert, Reiner Dumke, Manfred Bundschuh, and Andreas Schmietendorf From the web site: "The software business is challenging enough without having to contend with recurring errors. One way repeating...
An Interview with David Herron, Author of Function Point AnalysisDavid Herron is a Principal in The David Consulting Group. Mr. Herron is an authority in areas such as Functional Measurement and Software Process Improvement. He has over 25 years of experience in software development. During the past ten years he has...
Estimating Software Earlier and More AccuratelySoftware practitioners are frequently challenged to provide early and accurate software project estimates. It speaks poorly of the software community that the issue of accurate estimating, early in the lifecycle, has not been adequately addressed and...
Establishing Effective Service Level Metrics The definition and documentation of service level measures prior to contract negotiation and signing is critical to the long-term success of an outsourcing arrangement. Frequently, these measures are established after the fact and without the critical...
Site of the WeekThe David Consulting Group
Book of the WeekFunction Point Analysis: Measurement Practices for Successful Software Projects by David Garmus and David Herron From the Back Cover: "Function Point Analysis: Measurement Practices for Successful Software Projects" is a comprehensive presentation of...
An Interview with Dr. Norman Fenton, author of Software Metrics: A Rigorous Approach Dr. Norman Fenton is Professor of Computing at Queen Mary (London University) and is also Chief Executive Officer of Agena, a company that specializes in risk management for critical systems. Between 1989 and March 2000 he was Professor of Computing...
Measuring your Risks: Numbers that would make sense to Bruce WillisBy destroying the meteor in the film Armageddon, Bruce Willis saved the world. The probability of the meteor strike was so large, and the consequences so great, that nothing much else mattered except trying to prevent the strike. Combining the probability...
Visualizing Risks: Making sense of risks by letting them tell a storyHave you ever had to do a project risk assessment and not known where to start? Have you ever looked at a long list of risks and wondered how you could make more sense of it? You probably weren't helped by the literature on risk assessment. In this first...
Site of the WeekAgena
Book of the WeekSoftware Metrics: A Rigorous and Practical Approach by Norman Fenton and Shari Pfleeger "This book is arranged in three parts. Part I offers the reader a basic understanding of why and how we measure. It examines and explains the fundamentals of...
An Interview with Rex Black, author of Critical Testing Processes Rex Black is president and principal consultant of Rex Black Consulting Services, Inc., a testing and quality assurance firm serving clients such as Bank One, Cisco, Dell, and the US Department of Defense. He is also the author of Critical Testing...
Seven Steps to Reduce Security Risks in the Software You BuildYou know you need secure code, but how to get there? What are your security risks? What security failures and bugs do you have? What do these security risks, failures, and bugs mean? How can you reduce security risk in a way that doesn't create new...
Quality Risk AnalysisTesting any real world system is potentially an infinite task. Of this infinite set of possible tests, test managers need to focus on the most significant risks to system quality. These are the potential failure that are likely to occur in real-world use...
Site of the WeekRex Black's Online Library
Book of the WeekCritical Testing Processes: Plan, Prepare, Perform, Perfect by Rex Black From the back cover: "In today's rapid development environment, software testing processes play an increasingly crucial role. Where agile methodologies address a company's need to...
The Cognitive View: A Different Look at Software Design "What is software design?" Methodologies are not design - they are frameworks for organizing design efforts. Likewise, languages are not design - they are representations for documenting design once it has been formulated. Still curious? Find the answer...
The Many Flavors of Testing There is evidence that testing is still vitally important to software development, and that it probably always will be. Reviews may be more cost effective, according to recent studies, and proof of correctness (if it ever scales up to larger problems) may...
Software Maintenance is a Solution, Not a Problem In this excerpt from Robert Glass' new book "Software Conflict," the author outlines four simple steps for better software maintenance. (6 pages)
Site of the WeekDeveloper Dot Star
Book of the WeekSoftware Conflict 2.0: The Art and Science of Software Engineering by Robert L. Glass From the back cover: "Software Conflict 2.0: The Art and Science of Software Engineering updates and expands a neglected classic in the field. The nearly 60 essays in...
Estimation GamesOver 30 plus years of commercial computing has led to the development of a series of sophisticated political games that have become a replacement for estimation as a formal process. Like all good games these "estimation games" have been passed on from...
Painless Software SchedulesMaking a schedule is something almost no programmer wants to do. The vast majority just try to get away with not making one at all. Why is this the case? Two key reasons. One, it's a real pain. Two, nobody believes that it's worth anything (except for...
To Err is Human, To Estimate DivinePoor project estimation is the dirty little secret of application development. Nearly all projects are either canceled or come in over budget or behind schedule. A recent study of 100 companies found the average company completes only 37% of major IT...
Site of the WeekNASA: Parametric Estimating Handbook
Book of the WeekEstimating Software Intensive Systems: Project, Products, and Processes (SEI Series) by Richard D. Stutzke From the back cover: "Many software projects fail because their leaders don't know how to estimate, schedule, or measure them accurately....
Reducing Bias in Software Project Estimates Nearly every software development estimate has been, or will be, biased. Biases in the estimating process contribute to poor estimates, which can affect the success or failure of a project. Understanding the psychological impact of bias in developing...
Software Development Cost Estimation Approaches - A SurveyThis paper by Barry Boehm and Sunita Chulani summarizes several classes of software cost estimation models and techniques: parametric models, expertise-based techniques, learning-oriented techniques, dynamics-based models, regression-based models, and...
Software Cost Estimating Methods for Large ProjectsSoftware estimating is simple in concept, but difficult and complex in reality. The larger the project, the more factors there are that must be evaluated. The difficulty and complexity required for successful estimates of large software projects exceeds...
Site of the WeekQSM Resource Page
Book of the WeekMeasures for Excellence: Reliable Software On Time, Within Budget by Lawrence H. Putnam, Ware Meyers From the book description: "This book helps you accurately measure the completion time frames for small-to-medium software development projects, with...
Metrics and the Immature Software ProcessThere has been much discussion in recent years about the role of software metrics in helping software organizations improve productivity and quality. In our never-ending search for simple solutions to complex problems, measurement is often seen as a...
What to Measure?At a recent visit to an IT client, the new QA manager took me aside and said: "JR, here are the metrics I want to measure on a monthly basis. What do you think?" I asked him what the reactions to these measurements were. None of the managers seemed to...
Effective Benchmarking for Project ManagementBenchmarking for project management should be a staple in the management practices of any successful business or organization. Nevertheless, it is important to remember that establishing useful and meaningful metrics is very much an individual decision....
Site of the WeekThe Rothman Consulting Group: Software Management Consulting
Book of the WeekSoftware Project Survival Guide by Steve McConnell From the book description: "Author Steve McConnell draws on solid research and a career's worth of hard-won experience to map the surest path to your goal. Nineteen chapters in four sections cover the...
One Hundred Rules for NASA Project ManagersJerry Madden, Associate Director of the Flight Projects Directorate at NASA's Goddard Space Flight Center, collected these 100 pieces of wisdom over a number of years from various unidentified sources. Jerry Madden retired from NASA in 1995 as Associate...
Successful Software Management: 14 Lessons LearnedSuccessful managers realize that they need to balance the needs of the business, the employees, and the work environment to be effective. In this article by Joanna Rothman, the author summarizes her experiences in determining the work to accomplish and...
Successful Engineering Management: 7 Lessons LearnedMany engineering managers come to management through the technical ranks. Although they may have had plenty of engineering training and mentoring, they frequently learn management skills the hard way, through trial and error. Managers have two primary...
Site of the WeekProject Management Knowledge Base
Book of the WeekPeopleware: Productive Projects and Teams, 2nd Edition by Tom DeMarco From amazon: "Peopleware asserts that most software development projects fail because of failures within the team running them. This strikingly clear, direct book is written for...
The Software Engineering Institute's Six Sigma OverviewSix Sigma is a business-driven, multi-faceted approach to process improvement, reduced costs, and increased profits. With a fundamental principle to improve customer satisfaction by reducing defects, its ultimate performance target is virtually...
More on Six Sigma Software MetricsParts one and two of this four part series by Dave Hallowell of Six Sigma Advantage surveyed the work connected with several goals shared by software organizations and Six Sigma. He explains how reaching those goals involves establishing systems to...
Six Sigma Software Metrics - Final InstallmentThis article is the last in a four part series by Dave Hallowell of Six Sigma Advantage. It presents a discussion of Opportunities For Defects (OFD), Defects Per Million Opportunities (DPMO) and Sigma levels. When comparing implementations across...
Site of the WeekThe International Society for Six Sigma Professionals
Book of the WeekFundamental Concepts for the Software Quality Engineer by Taz Daughtrey From the book description: "'Fundamental Concepts for the Software Quality Engineer' is a collection of the best articles on software quality, taken from the professional journal...
Using Six Sigma in Software Development Six Sigma is an approach to business improvement that includes a philosophy, a set of metrics, and an improvement framework (also called a toolkit). Its philosophy is to improve customer satisfaction by eliminating and preventing defects, resulting in...
Six Sigma Software Metrics - Part 1 Six Sigma brings sharp focus to customer and business requirements as well as the defects associated with the failure to satisfy these requirements. While the relevance of this is clear enough to most software professionals, most software professionals...
Six Sigma Software Metrics - Part 2 Part 1 in this series on software defect metrics focused on the goal of identifying and removing defects in the development process as close to the point of occurrence as possible. This second installment by Dave Hallowell of Six Sigma Advantage examines...
Site of the WeekThe GE Six Sigma Home Page
Book of the WeekSoftware Quality Assurance: From Theory to Implementation by Daniel Galin From the book description: "Software quality assurance (SQA) systems are vital for software developers in the software and the electronics industries as well as for information...
The Three Dimensions of Process Improvement - Part 1This is the first part of a three-part article by Watts Humphrey on methods of software process improvement that were developed at the Software Engineering Institute (SEI): the Capability Maturity Model (CMM) for software, the Personal Software Process...
The Three Dimensions of Process Improvement - Part 2Part I of this article by Watts Humphrey described the Capability Maturity Model, why it was developed, and how it can help organizations improve their performance. Part II addresses the Personal Software Process (PSP)SM, which shows engineers how to...
The Three Dimensions of Process Improvement - Part 3Part I of this article by Watts Humphrey described the Capability Maturity Model (CMM), and Part II addressed the Personal Software Process (PSP)SM. The CMM provides an overall framework that has helped many organizations improve their performance and the...
Site of the WeekThe Watts Humphrey Software Quality Institute
Book of the WeekIntroduction to the Personal Software Process by Watts Humphrey From amazon: "Introduction To The Personal Software Process provides help for software engineers at all levels of experience, from students to experienced professionals, helping...
New from Capers Jones: The Economics of Software Maintenance in the 21st CenturyIn every industry maintenance tends to require more personnel than those building new products. For the software industry the number of personnel required to perform maintenance is unusually large and may soon top 75% of all technical software workers....
The Software Maintenance Process ModelIn this article from 2004, Alain April, Jane Huffman Hayes, and Reiner Dumke address the assessment and improvement of the software maintenance function by proposing improvements to the software maintenance standards and introducing a proposed maturity...
Measuring and Evaluating the Maintenance ProcessMeasuring and evaluating the stability of maintenance processes is important because of the recognized relationship between process quality and product quality. Maintenance is performed continuously and the stability of the maintenance process has an...
Site of the WeekSWEBOK: The Software Engineering Body of Knowledge
Book of the WeekSoftware Engineering, Vol. 2: The Supporting Processes by Richard H. Thayer This second volume on software engineering processes includes reprinted and newly authored papers that describe the supporting life cycle processes that can prepare...
An Interview with FedEx Ground CIO Mike HmelMichael V. Hmel is Senior Vice President, Information Systems, and Chief Information Officer for FedEx Ground, Inc. As Senior Vice President and CIO, Mr. Hmel is responsible for coordinating all information technology services for FedEx Ground, FedEx Home...
Software Maintenance - Defining the TermsSoftware Maintenance suffers from an image problem due to the fact that although software has been maintained for years, relatively little is written about the topic. Little funding for research about software maintenance exists; thus, the academic...
Software Maintenance - An OverviewIn the past, systems have been constructed in an ad-hoc manner, with individual developments having no common strategy to enable the best use of support resources. A strategy, therefore, which focuses on the long-term support of systems rather than purely...
Site of the WeekThe British Computer Society
Book of the WeekImproving Software Quality: An Insider's Guide to TQM by Lowell Jay Arthur From the Book Description: "Do you want to cut development and maintenance cycle times by 50% or more? Do you want to reduce costs by 50% or more? Do you want to...
Top Ten Risks of Offshore OutsourcingOffshore outsourcing is growing at 20%-25% per annum and will most likely continue to grow as a labor arbitrage model until 2009. However, as IT organizations consider the vast benefits and allure of offshore outsourcing, they must balance the risks and...
Offshore Outsourcing: Understanding the Risks and Hidden Costs Without a complete and proper understanding of offshore outsourcing's genuine complexity, hidden risks and costs will blindside IT decision makers and prevent attainment of anticipated wage savings. This whitepaper by Michael Milutis, IT Metrics and...
Balancing the RisksCompanies embracing offshore outsourcing for their application development and maintenance support should begin applying "risk portfolio assessment" to mitigate the risk created by deploying IT development across multiple geographies. Such an assessment...
Site of the WeekCIO Magazine: Outsourcing Resource Center
Book of the WeekOffshoring Information Technology: Sourcing and Outsourcing to a Global Workforce by Erran Carmel and Paul Tjia The decision to source software development to an overseas firm (offshoring) is looked at frequently in simple economic terms - it's...
Risk Management Fundamentals in Software Development Developing software is seldom an easy task. Each project entails unique demands, challenges, and problems. Failure to predict and prevent risks can lead to costly delays, revenue loss, increased stress on team members, a lesser product and even outright...
A Software Quality Model and Metrics for Identifying Project Risks This paper, produced by Larry Hyatt and Linda Rosenberg of NASA's Software Assurance Technology Center, outlines and explains a Software Quality Model and then uses this model as a basis for discussions of quality attributes and risks. Risks that can be...
Risk Management During RequirementsThere is a lot heard about the risk of not writing requirements, but little about how to profit from making risk management integral to the requirements process. In this article, Tom Demarco and Tim Lister attempt to redress that imbalance by explaining...
Site of the WeekThe American Society for Quality's Software Risk Management Training Site
Book of the WeekWaltzing with Bears: Managing Risk on Software Projects by Tom Demarco and Timothy Lister Greater risk brings greater reward, especially in software development. A company that runs away from risk will soon find itself lagging behind its more...
An Interview with Dr. Robert Charette, Master Risk Management PractitionerDr. Robert Charette is an internationally acknowledged authority and pioneer in information systems and technology, systems engineering, risk management, and the lean development & management of large-scale software-intensive systems. He is currently...
Risk Factor: Confronting the Risks that Impact Software Project SuccessEvery systems and software project involves risk. Often, how you manage your program risks is a deciding factor in the eventual success or failure of your program. If you ignore the risks, your program has a higher chance of failing. On the other hand, if...
A Project Risk MetricIn this article by Robert Ferguson of the Software Engineering Institute, a risk metric is proposed that is normalized across projects. The purpose of the metric is to provide management visibility into project uncertainty. This works best in an...
Site of the WeekDACS Center for Software Risk Management
Book of the WeekAssessment and Control of Software Risks by Capers Jones From the back cover: "This handbook summarizes more than 50 of the major problems of building and maintaining software projects, and outlines the prevention/control 'therapies' available....
Function Point AnalysisUnderstanding software size is the key to understanding both software productivity and software quality. But without a reliable software sizing metric, relative changes in both software productivity (Function Points per Work Month) and software quality...
Using Function Points This article by the International Function Point User's Group seeks to outline and illuminate some of the broader uses of function points, from understanding scope creep to developing a standard set of software metrics to even helping with contract...
Function Point FAQ This document, put together and managed by Ray Boehm of the International Function Point Users Group, provides visibility into the growing body of function point related questions that are frequently raised by IT professionals. An extraordinarily useful...
Site of the WeekThe International Function Point User's Group
Book of the WeekFunction Point Analysis: Measurement Practices for Successful Software Projects by David Garmus and David Herron From the Back Cover: "Function Point Analysis: Measurement Practices for Successful Software Projects" is a comprehensive presentation of...
Establishing a Software Measurement Process This software metrics report by Donald R. McAndrews of the Software Process Measurement Project presents guidelines for establishing a software measurement process as part of an organizations overall software process. Methods are suggested that can be...
Seven Steps to Designing a Software MetricIf software metrics are to provide useful information, everyone involved in designing, implementing, collecting data for and utilizing software metrics must understand their definition and purpose. This paper by Linda L. Westfall of Software Measurement...
Software Metrics: Ten Traps to Avoid This article by Dr. Karl E. Wiegers of Process Impact identifies ten software metrics traps that can sabotage unsuspecting software metrics practitioners. Several symptoms of each software metrics trap are described along with some possible solutions. By...
Site of the WeekThe Common Software Measurement International Consortium
Book of the WeekSoftware Metrics: Establishing a Company-Wide Program by Robert B. Grady, Deborah L. Caswell From the Forward by Tom DeMarco: "...Fortunately, there are at least a few examples of sensible approaches to measurement, and one of the most compelling of...
Book of the WeekSoftware Metrics: A Guide to Planning, Analysis, and Applicationby C.R. Pandian From the Book Description: "This book simplifies software measurement and explains its value as a tool for decision-makers at software companies. The techniques presented...
Site of the WeekThe Westfall Team: Partnering for Excellence in Software
Are We Doing Well or Are We Doing Poorly? Software metrics don't solve problems - people solve problems. What software metrics can do is provide information so you can make informed decisions and better choices. According to the new ISO/IEC 15939 Software Measurement Process standard, decision...
12 Steps to Useful Software Metrics Linda Westfall's "12 Steps to Useful Software Metrics" introduces the reader to a practical process for establishing and tailoring a software metrics program that focuses on goals and information needs. The process provides a practical, systematic,...
A CAI Interview with Linda Westfall, Expert Software Metrics Practitioner Linda Westfall is an expert software metrics practitioner and President of The Westfall Team. Her specialties include Software Quality Engineering, Metrics, Project & Risk Management, Requirements Engineering & Management, Peer Reviews, Testing, and...
Book of the WeekSoftware Metrics: Establishing a Company-Wide Program by Robert B. Grady, Deborah L. Caswell From the Forward by Tom DeMarco: "...Fortunately, there are at least a few examples of sensible approaches to measurement, and one of the most compelling of...
Site of the WeekThe Common Software Measurement International Consortium
Software Metrics: Ten Traps to Avoid This article by Karl E. Wiegers of Process Impact identifies ten traps that can sabotage unsuspecting metrics practitioners. Several symptoms of each trap are described along with some possible solutions. By being aware of these common risks, you can...
Seven Steps to Designing a Software MetricIf metrics are to provide useful information, everyone involved in designing, implementing, collecting data for and utilizing software metrics must understand their definition and purpose. This paper by Linda L. Westfall of Software Measurement Services...
Establishing a Software Measurement Process This report by Donald R. McAndrews of the Software Process Measurement Project presents guidelines for establishing a measurement process as part of an organizations overall software process. Methods are suggested that can be used to design a repeatable...
A CAI Interview with Dr. Howard Rubin Dr. Howard A. Rubin is a Gartner Senior Advisor and Professor Emeritus of Computer Science at Hunter College of the City University of New York. He is also a former Board member and Executive Vice President of META Group. After years of experience and...
The Worldwide IT Benchmark Report for 2006 04:00:00 GMTThis report, produced by Dr. Howard Rubin and Jed Rubin, provides a high level overview of the findings from the 2006 04:00:00 GMT edition of the Worldwide IT Benchmark Report, including key spending and staffing trends by industry and geography. (38...
Breakthroughs in Benchmarking and Measurement This presentation by Dr. Howard Rubin explores the following subjects: 1) Definition of Benchmarking; 2) Historical View of IT Spending; 3) A View of How and What to Benchmark; 4) Integrated Measurement - The New IT Scorecard; and 5) Benchmarking,...
Site of the WeekSEI's Software Engineering Information Repository
Book of the WeekThe Benchmark Release 8 "The Benchmark Release 8 analyses the factors that affect software project duration as well as the quality & productivity of software projects, whether in terms of development, enhancement, or package customisation. The...
Book of the WeekQuality Software Project Management by Robert T. Futrell, Donald F. Shafer, Linda I. Shafer From the Preface: "Quality Software Project Management was written by and for software practitioners who need a hands-on guide to the non-deterministic but...
Site of the WeekThe Athens Group
Software Risk: Why Must We Keep Learning From Experience? Software risk management is the formal process in which risk factors are systematically identified, assessed, and mitigated. The determination of the risk in a project either due to external or internal causes is a major part of project management. This...
Would You Like Software With That? This article by Don Shafer looks at case studies of software problems present in all complex oil drilling and production rigs. The problem analysis was done by software engineers who have been involved in the verification, validation, and software...
A CAI Interview with Don Shafer: Author, CTO, and IEEE Computer Society Editor-in-ChiefDon Shafer is Editor-in-Chief of the IEEE Computer Society Press. He is also co-founder, corporate director and Chief Technology Officer of Athens Group, Inc. Shafers work experience includes positions held at Boeing and Los Alamos National Laboratories....
A CAI Interview with Tom Gilb, Evolutionary Development Expert Practitioner & AuthorTom is recognized as a pioneer in software metrics and Evolutionary project management, as well as the inventor of the planning language Planguage. He is directly recognized as the idea source for parts of the Agile and Extreme programming methods...
How to Manage Project Benefits and Costs with Evolutionary (EVO) DevelopmentThe underlying principle of Evolutionary (EVO) development methods is the Plan-Do-Study-Act cycle. In other words, the "process control cycle" as taught by Walter Shewhart of AT&T and, by his pupils, W. Edwards Deming and Joseph Juran. In this chapter...
Case Study: From Waterfall to Evolutionary (EVO) Development Evolutionary (EVO) development focuses on early delivery of high value to stakeholders, and on obtaining and utilizing feedback from stakeholders. This paper by Tom Gilb and Trond Johansen describes, from a project manager's viewpoint, the positive...
Site of the WeekTom Gilb's Home Page
Book of the WeekCompetitive Engineering: A Handbook for Systems Engineering, Requirements Engineering, and Software Engineering, Using Planguage by Tom Gilb From the Back Cover: "Competitive Engineering documents Tom Gilb's unique, ground-breaking approach to...
Measurements to Manage Software Maintenance Software Maintenance is central to the mission of many organizations. Thus, it is natural for managers to characterize and measure those aspects of products and processes that seem to affect cost, schedule, quality, and functionality of a software...
A Model to Evaluate and Improve the Quality of Software MaintenanceThe software maintenance function suffers from a scarcity of management models that would facilitate its evaluation, its management, and its continuous improvement. This article by Mohamed Zitouni and Alain Abran proposes an evaluation model of the...
Case Study in Software MaintenanceIn an effort to find out more about the tools, procedures, and techniques project personnel use in their work, the Computer-Aided Software Engineering (CASE) Environments Project interviewed personnel in eight software maintenance projects within an...
Site of the Week22nd IEEE International Conference on Software Maintenance
Book of the WeekPractical Software Maintenance: Best Practices for Managing Your Software Investment by Thomas M. Pigoski From the Amazon Book Description: "The amount of time and expense spent debugging, customizing, updating, and maintaining software far outstrips...
All Together Now: CMM, CRM, ERP, and Six SigmaWhile Six Sigma is clearly an alternative to broad-based quality initiatives such as Total Quality Management, proponents say it works just fine with extant project management software, CRM, Balanced Scorecard and other operational and valuation...
Six Sigma and CMM Six Sigma has been successfully used within many diverse industries. While Six Sigma philosophy and technique came out of manufacturing environments, it also has been used in projects that span the entire functional organization. A reasonable question...
Combining CMMI, PSP, TSP, and Six Sigma for SoftwarePSP and TSP are software development process definitions that are compatible with a wide range of software development concepts such as spiral development, object oriented development, and various other sets of techniques, each with certain advantages in...
Life After CMM Level 5 Six-Sigma programs have proven results, especially in the manufacturing and service industries. A Six Sigma program builds on many of the building blocks of organizational quality that a CMM program would have put in place. However, the program is a lot...
Site of the WeekSix Sigma Advantage, Inc.
Book of the WeekSix Sigma Software Development by Christine B. Tayntor From the Book Description: A popular tool in manufacturing organizations, the Six Sigma methodology can reduce defects and improve financial performance. The tools and processes of Six Sigma can...
CMM vs CMMI: From Conventional to Modern Software ManagementThis article by Walker Royce, Vice President and General Manager of Strategic Services at the Rational Software Corporation, summarizes some thoughts on making the transition from conventional software management techniques to modern ones. In particular,...
Getting Started with the CMMI Although CMMI documentation is comprehensive, it's difficult to use. The sheer amount of documents, pages, and perceived overlap overwhelms newcomers in particular. Nevertheless, two books on the CMMI offer guidance to help users navigate and find what...
Site of the WeekCarnegie Mellon Software Engineering Institutes CMMI Site
Book of the WeekIT Service Management: An Introduction by Jan Van Bon, George Kemmerling, and Dick Pondman From the Book Description: Understanding ITIL Key Process Relationships"In recent years, IT service management has developed into a field in its own right, with...
The Balanced Scorecard and IT GovernanceThe Balanced Scorecard (BSC), intially developed by Kaplan and Norton, is a performance management system that should allow enterprises to drive their strategies on measurement and follow-up. In recent years, the BSC has been applied to information...
How to Use the Balanced ScorecardExxon Mobil leaped from last to first in profitability within its industry from 1993 to 1995, a rank it maintained for the next four years. Cigna Insurance was losing $1 million a day in 1993, but within two years it was in the top quartile of...
Time to Unbalance Your ScorecardTwenty years ago, managers were frustrated because financial measures were the only way to assess their operations. The Balanced Scorecard (BSC) answered their complaints. This performance measurement tool, which includes financial and non-financial...
A CAI Interview with Don Shafer: Author, CTO, and IEEE Computer Society Editor-in-ChiefDon Shafer is Editor-in-Chief of the IEEE Computer Society Press. He is also co-founder, corporate director and Chief Technology Officer of Athens Group, Inc. Shafers work experience includes positions held at Boeing and Los Alamos National Laboratories....
Book of the WeekIT Service Management: An Introduction by Jan Van Bon, George Kemmerling, and Dick Pondman From the Book Description: "In recent years, IT service management has developed into a field in its own right, with organizations now so dependent on the...
The Balanced Scorecard and IT Governance The Balanced Scorecard (BSC), intially developed by Kaplan and Norton, is a performance management system that should allow enterprises to drive their strategies on measurement and follow-up. In recent years, the BSC has been applied to information...
How to Use the Balanced Scorecard Exxon Mobil leaped from last to first in profitability within its industry from 1993 to 1995, a rank it maintained for the next four years. Cigna Insurance was losing $1 million a day in 1993, but within two years it was in the top quartile of...
Time to Unbalance Your Scorecard Twenty years ago, managers were frustrated because financial measures were the only way to assess their operations. The Balanced Scorecard (BSC) answered their complaints. This performance measurement tool, which includes financial and non-financial...

2008-02-01T11:07:00.000+05:30

Ten Key Predictions for 2008 from gartner, the article on techteree website.

Gartner has come up with ten key predictions that it thinks will affect IT this year and beyond. The company claims to have short-listed these from amongst over 100 predictions it presents and reviews every year. To begin with, Gartner has predicted that 2008 will see Apple Computer double its US and Western Europe unit market share in computers. The reasons being the company's software integration, continuous innovation in hardware and software, and an ecosystem that focuses on interoperability across multiple devices.

By 2012, 50 percent of wandering workers will leave their notebooks at home in favor of other lighter, smarter devices. While the market will have more and more Internet-centric pocketable devices, and server- and Web- based applications that can be accessed from anywhere, anytime.

By 2012, 80 percent of all commercial software will include elements of open-source technology. Large software vendors will have to invest in embedded open source strategies to remain competitive and relevant.

By 2012, at least one-third of spending on business application software will be in the form of service subscription rather than as product license.

By 2011, early adopters of technology will forgo capital expenditure, instead purchasing 40 percent of their IT infrastructure as service. Why? Increased high-speed bandwidth will make it practical to locate infrastructure at other sites, while still receiving the same response times. Also, with service oriented architecture (SOA) becoming more common, cloud computing will take off, unshackling applications from specific infrastructure.

By 2009, one or more environmental criteria will start featuring on the list of top six buying criteria for IT goods in the case of more than one-third of IT organizations.

By 2010, full life cycle energy and CO2 footprint will become mandatory PC hardware buying criteria for 75 percent of IT organizations.

By 2011, suppliers of large global enterprises will need to prove their 'Green' credentials through an audited process to retain 'preferred supplier' status.

By 2010, as much as half of all software, hardware, and services acquisitions made by IT will be decided by end-user preferences.

As compared to 2006 numbers, the number of 3D printers in homes and businesses will grow 100-fold. Gartner has said that while the full impact of these trends may not be visible this year, IT professionals are advised to act immediately so that they can exploit the trends for their competitive advantage.

2008-01-14T20:05:00.000+05:30

Global Economic Prospects -2008

The global outlook changed markedly during the second half of 2007. The world economy has entered an uncertain period. Difficulties in the US housing market are proving to be unexpectedly severe while the disruption of credit is having a much wider impact than expected. Although the fallout from recent events is not expected to be of a lasting nature, they will have an uneven impact both in a geographical and economic sense. This article singles out five key parameters of the global economy and briefly describes their likely behaviour during 2008. The expected consequences for each of the world's major regions are also discussed.
The world economy will grow more slowly in 2008 than at any time in this decade.

According to the IMF, the world economy grew by 5.2% in 2007 but the rate will drop to around 4.8% in 2008. For the first time, several large emerging economies – China, India and to a lesser extent Russia and Brazil – will become the main drivers. Growth in the world's more advanced economies will be the hardest hit with GDP increasing by only about 2.2% in 2008 (the slowest rate of annual increase during this decade).
On average, the world economy will experience only moderate rates of inflation in 2008 but some regions and large economies will see substantial price increases.

The consensus is that the global rate of inflation will be about 3.6% in 2008 but the probability of larger increases is growing even in rich countries. Volatile oil markets, the rising cost of food, poor climatic conditions in some parts of the world and strong gains in domestic demand in several emerging economies are all threats.

The process of globalisation will continue to provide benefits in terms of world growth but the negative consequences will become increasingly apparent.

In the past, globalisation has operated in a comparatively benign environment with low inflation and fairly stable private capital flows. The world economy, however, is ill-prepared to handle some of the economic shocks that inevitably accompany this process. The rising inequality attributed to globalisation requires better training, education and social services to ensure that workers have access to well paying jobs. The drawback is that the remedy is a long-term one while the problem is of immediate concern.
Energy prices will continue to edge upward in the medium term with the price of natural gas rising somewhat faster than the price of oil.
An unexpected disruption in supplies (either as the result of a natural disaster or conflict) is the most significant risk. The re-emergence of state-controlled energy companies as major players in global energy markets could spark a new race to gain control over more sources of supply.
Foreign direct investment (FDI) will continue to rise with greater involvement by firms in developing countries.

Global flows of FDI have been steadily increasing for several years. The pace is expected to slow in 2008 but further increases are still anticipated.

North America:
The US economy is expected to perform poorly given the problems in the housing and financial markets. Washington expects growth to be slightly less than 2% but many analysts believe this is too optimistic. Canada will feel the effects of financial and trade spillovers from the USA.
Energy security has become a major concern for American policy makers. Canada's economy will have to deal with similar problems in the medium term although its oil output could rise by more than 50% by 2015 as a result of new plans to boost production from oil sands.
The region will continue to be one of the most favoured markets for inflows of FDI. Cross-border investments involving both Canadian and American firms are expected to increase. Almost all this investment will be driven by market-oriented activities, knowledge-intensive manufacturing industries and high-value-added service activities.

Latin America:
Mexico is the economy most vulnerable to a downturn in the USA. Approximately 30% of the Mexican economy depends on a mixture of remittances, exports and tourism from the USA. Brazil, the region's largest economy, is less vulnerable to events in financial markets but it, too, will see slower growth in 2008. The outlook for Argentina, the region's other large economy, is even more precarious, stemming from structural problems which hinder productivity growth, an excessive dependence on volatile external factors and a chaotic energy sector.
The investment outlook for Latin America is less promising than for Asia or the industrialised world. More FDI is expected to move into Brazil, driven by a combination of factors including the large domestic market, cheap labour and an improving investment climate. Mexico should also see some gains in inflows of FDI but in many middle-sized countries the investment environment could become more hostile to foreign capital.

Western Europe:
The overall pace of growth will weaken in 2008. A number of large European banks are now known to be embroiled to a substantial degree in the US sub-prime mortgage problem. The European Central Bank has loosened policy significantly but domestic demand is still expected to weaken. Investment, however, is still strong and should maintain its momentum in 2008.
Energy security is a pressing issue for Western Europe particularly in view of its increasingly tense relationship with Russia. These fears have led policy makers to reopen the debate over nuclear issues. Natural gas is becoming an increasingly important source of energy.
Western European countries are favoured targets for investment in a large number of projects in biotechnology, software, health products and the service sector. FDI will continue here because of the high quality of labour, access to financial markets, effectiveness of governments and stability of the business climate. However, many economies are handicapped by their relatively high labour costs and moderate growth prospects. Some must also deal with relocation pressures on labour-intensive industries, and the need to make up for lost jobs in traditional manufacturing by shifting to innovative and high-value-added operations.

Eastern Europe:
The economies of Eastern Europe are expected to grow at a healthy pace in 2008 but slower than in earlier years of this decade. Russia's economy should continue to expand at a solid pace while the benefits of accession-inspired reforms should bolster investment and growth in Bulgaria and Romania, both of which joined the EU in 2007.
New members of the EU including Hungary, Poland, Slovakia, Romania and Bulgaria are attracting interest among foreign investors in textiles and garments, household electronics, automotives and other consumer goods. The Ukraine will become an increasingly appealing target for investors in natural-resource related industries. Several Central European economies are also beginning to gain the attention of investors looking for new locations for customer service operations. In the past almost all this investment went to India and to a lesser extent the Philippines.

Asia Pacific and Australasia:
This region should see the fastest growth in 2008. Economic gains in China are led by strong investment and net exports while India's economy is driven by buoyant domestic demand. Labour productivity in many Asian countries is significantly less than in the industrialised world, meaning there is considerable scope for improvement. Pakistan's strong economic performance could be at great risk following the assassination of Benazir Bhutto.
Japan and the developing countries of Asia (particularly China and India) will bear the brunt of higher energy prices. The region is especially short of energy resources and Asian countries are generally relatively ineffective users of energy.
This region tops the list for the most foreign investors. The main appeals are growth of domestic markets, the size of those markets, access to the regional market and low labour costs. China and India together will account for the bulk of FDI as they are perceived as sharing the same advantages in terms of labour costs, market size and growth prospects. India is regarded more favourably in terms of skilled labour. Nonetheless, most investors see both countries suffering from the disadvantage of a relatively complicated investment environment. Other attractive markets for investors will be Malaysia, Thailand and Vietnam.
Australia's economy should see solid growth in 2008, albeit slower than in 2007. A weaker housing market and the effects of a severe drought are the main reasons for slower growth in Australia. New Zealand, unlike Australia, lacks strong links with Asian economies (particularly China) and faces a shaper slowdown.

Africa and Middle East:
Africa could see growth rates even higher than recorded in 2007. In Sub-Saharan Africa, the main risks stem from weather, other natural calamities, and commodity prices (including oil). Among oil exporters, the surge in oil prices is driving a steady rise in domestic demand and public spending. Several oil exporters are also using their revenues to pay down debt. They have put in place major programmes to improve social and physical infrastructure.
Most of the world's oil and natural gas is concentrated in Africa and the Middle East The boom in oil revenues also contributes to an increase in remittance flows to labour-abundant economies in the region. In countries such as Egypt, Jordan, Morocco and Sudan, consumer spending receives a big boost.

Very few countries in the Middle East will see increases in FDI inflows over the medium term. Most investment will be related to the energy sector but for other investors the lack of skilled labour and the small-to-medium size of domestic markets are disadvantages. The UAE will be one of the few countries in the Middle East to see a significant increase in FDI inflows in the medium term. African countries also hold only modest attraction to foreign investors. Access to natural resources is one frequent motivation (especially for Chinese firms). Countries in North Africa offer access to cheap labour and proximity to EU markets. They are becoming a popular location for investors from the Gulf which also target real estate, infrastructure and privatisation.

2008-01-14T20:01:00.000+05:30

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टाटा आणि कोरस

2007-03-03T14:43:00.008+05:30

टाटां पुर्वी लक्ष्मी मित्तल तसंच रशियन कंपनी 'एव्हरेझ' आणि 'सीव्हरस्टॉल' यांनी कोरस ताब्यात घेण्याचे प्रयत्न केले होते. पण 'टाटां'नी १२.१ अब्ज डॉलर देऊन 'कोरस'वर कब्जा मिळवला

कोरसमध्ये सध्या ४१,१०० कामगार आहेत. वेल्समध्ये पोर्ट टालबोट, टीनसाईड, स्कुन्थॉर्प, स्टॉक्सब्रीज आणि रोथर्हार्म असे पाच प्लाण्ट होते. त्यापैकी स्टॉक्सब्रीजमधील प्लॉट बंद करण्यात आला. कोरसचा कच्चा माल ऑस्ट्रेलिया, कॅनडा, द. आफ्रिका, अमेरिका या देशातून येतो. २००१-०२ मध्ये जगभरात स्टील उद्योगाला वाईट दिवस होते. स्टीलची किंमत प्रती टन फक्त २००-२५० डॉलर इतकी कमी होती. त्याचा फटका अर्थातच कोरसला बसला. आता भारतीय मालकाच्या ताब्यात तिचं भविष्य आहे
http://maharashtratimes.indiatimes.com/articleshow/1617265.cms

प्लॅस्टिक घडामोडी

2007-03-03T14:43:00.007+05:30

म.टा व सकाळ मधील दोन बातम्यांचा आढावा:प्लॅस्टिक तंत्रञानासाठी विशेष महत्वाच्या!!

इंडियन सेन्टर फॉर प्लॅस्टिक्स इन द एन्व्हायर्नमेन्ट ही एक संस्था प्लॅस्टिक निर्मात्यांनी स्थापन केली असून त्यांनी पर्यावरणशास्त्रीय दृष्टिकोनातून एक अभ्यास अहवाल तयार केला आहे
या अहवालासाठी चेन्नईच्या सेन्ट्रल इन्स्टिट्यूट ऑफ प्लॅस्टिक इंजिनिअरिंग अॅन्ड टेक्नॉलॉजी या संस्थेने संशोधन केले. त्यात आयआयटी , मुंबई , नॅशनल केमिकल लॅबोरेटरी , पुणे , आयआयटी , नवी दिल्ली , इंडियन कौन्सिल ऑफ मेडिकल रिसर्च , इंडियन इन्स्टिट्यूट ऑफ पॅकेजिंग , डिफेन्स मटेरियल ऍन्ड स्टोअर्स रिसर्च ऍन्ड डेव्हलपमेन्ट एस्टॅब्लिशमेन्ट , आदी संस्थांनी संशोधन सहकार्य केले.http://maharashtratimes.indiatimes.com/articleshow/6758.cms

प्लॅस्टिकचा पुनर्वापर करता येणे शक्‍य झाल्याने भविष्यकाळात या क्षेत्रात अनेक मोठ्या संधी उपलब्ध आहेत.सध्या पाश्‍चिमात्य देशांमध्ये माणशी सरासरी २० किलो प्लॅस्टिकचा वापर केला जातो. आपल्या देशात तोच वापर फक्त चार किलो आहे. वाहन व अन्य उद्योग; तसेच कृषी क्षेत्राकडून प्लॅस्टिकला मागणी वाढत आहे. सध्या भारतात सुमारे सात दशलक्ष टन प्लॅस्टिक उत्पादनांची निर्मिती होते. येत्या पाच वर्षांत ती १२ ते १४ दशलक्ष टनांवर जाईल. प्लॅस्टिकचा पुनर्वापर करता येणे शक्‍य झाल्याने त्याच्या उत्पादनांना मागणी वाढत आहे. प्लॅस्टिक उद्योगांना तेवढ्या मोठ्या प्रमाणावर कामेही उपलब्ध होणार आहेत. त्यामुळे नजीकच्या काळात या क्षेत्राशी संबंधित उद्योगांमध्ये १८ दशलक्ष युवकांना नोकरीची संधी मिळेल. सध्या प्लॅस्टिकचा सर्वाधिक वापर चीन आणि अमेरिकेमध्ये केला जातो. आता भारतातही प्लॅस्टिकचा वापर मोठ्या प्रमाणावर होऊ लागेल.
http://www.esakal.com/esakal/12222006/55BF13BEC1.htm

म.टा. :विज्ञान मराठीतूनच शिकवा.डॉ. नारळीकरांचे आग्रही मत

2007-03-03T14:43:00.006+05:30

मुलांचा विज्ञानाचा पाया पक्का होण्यासाठी प्राथमिक शाळांमध्ये विज्ञान मातृभाषेतूनच शिकविणे गरजेचे आहे. तरच ते अधिक प्रभावी ठरू शकेल, असे मत ज्येष्ठ शास्त्रज्ञ जयंत नारळीकर यांनी व्यक्त केले.इंग्रजी भाषेने काही मराठी शब्द स्वीकारले असताना आपण इंग्रजी स्वीकारण्यात काय गैर आहे. मराठीतून विज्ञान शिकविण्यासाठी आणि वाचण्यासाठी प्रथम भाषेची आवड निर्माण होणे गरजेचे आहे, असे मत डॉ. पंडित विद्यासागर यांनी व्यक्त केले. मुळ बातमीची लिन्क:-

http://maharashtratimes.indiatimes.com/articleshow/1696791.cms

या विषयावर मनोगत (मनोगत.com) वर काहि मते व्यक्त केली आहेत.त्याचा सारांश असा:

१) पाठ्यपुस्तकांमध्ये प्रकर्षाने जाणवणारी गोष्ट म्हणजे त्यांचा रूक्षपणा. मला विज्ञान शिकत असताना जीवशास्त्राचा भयानक कंटाळा यायचा. त्याच्या जोडीला तितक्याच कंटाळवाण्या पद्धतीने शिक्षक शिकवत असत, अगदी कॉलेजातसुद्धा. प्रत्यक्षात जीवशास्त्र हा किती मनोरंजक विषय आहे याची माझ्या शिक्षकांनी मला थोडी जरी जाणीव करून दिली असती तर मी पदार्थविज्ञानाकडे न जाता जीवशास्त्राकडे गेलो असतो.
विज्ञान मातृभाषेतून शिकल्यावर फायदा नक्कीच होइल, पण त्याचबरोबर मुलांना तो विषय मनोरंजक कसा वाटेल याचाही विचार व्हायला हवा. परत जीवशास्त्राचे उदाहरण घेतले तर आपल्या सृष्टीची विविधता, त्यातल्या गमतीजमती याचा मागमूसही पाठ्यपुस्तकांमध्ये दिसत नाही

२) मराठीतुन विज्ञान शिकविलेच गेले पाहीजे हे खरे असले तऱी इयत्ता दहावीपर्यंतच मराठीतून विज्ञान पुढे काय इंग्रजीच ना .मराठीत विज्ञान पुस्तके ऊपलब्ध नाही असल्यास अंतराळ किंवा संगणकाची. भौतिक,रसायन,जिवशास्त्र, गणित आदी विषयांची मराठीत पुस्तकेच ऊपलब्ध नाही.ऊदाहरण द्यावयाचे गेल्यास ईयत्ता १२वी विज्ञान शाखा व अभियांत्रिकी शाखा आणि मराठी विज्ञान परिषदेच्या ग्रंथालयातही मराठी भाषेतून विज्ञान(भौतिक,जिव,रसायन,गणित) पुस्तके ऊपलब्ध नाही

महाराष्ट्रातील सर्व शांळांची लिस्ट

2007-03-03T14:43:00.005+05:30

या लिन्कवर उपलब्ध आहे: http://www.indianchild.com/schools_in_maharashtra.htm

मिन ची जागा 'पर्मनंट अकाउंट नंबर' (पॅन) घेणार!!!

2007-03-03T14:43:00.004+05:30

म्युच्युअल फंडामध्ये ५० हजार रुपयांपेक्षा जास्त गुंतवणूक करण्यासाठी 'म्युच्युअल फंड आयडेंटिफिकेशन नंबर' (मिन) अनिवार्य करण्यात आला होता. परंतु आता शुक्रवारपासून 'मिन'ची जागा 'पर्मनंट अकाउंट नंबर' (पॅन) घेणार आहे. दोन मार्चपासून 'मिन'ची पद्धत बंद करण्यात येणार असल्याचे आणि म्युच्युअल फंडांतील गुंतवणुकीसाठी केवळ 'पॅन'चा वापर करण्यात येणार असल्याचे 'अँम्फी'चे (असोसिएशन ऑफ म्युच्युअल फंड ऑफ इंडिया) अध्यक्ष ए. पी. कुरीयन यांनी सांगितले.'बजेट' जाहीर करताना अर्थमंत्री पी. चिदंबरम यांनी गुंतवणूकदारांच्या ओळखीच्या दाखल्यासाठी 'पॅन'चा वापर करावा असे प्रस्तावित केले होते.

आरोग्य विम्यात वैविध्याची गरज, म.टा.,ET मधील मुलाखत

2007-03-03T14:43:00.003+05:30

योग्य प्रमाणात आरोग्यविमा उतरवण्यासंदर्भात लोकांमध्ये हळूहळू जागृती येत आहे. या व्यवसायातील ट्रेंड व अशा विम्याचा जास्तीत जास्त फायदा कसा करून घेता येईल या संदर्भात रिलायन्स जनरल इन्शुरन्सचे सीईओ व प्रेसिडेंट के. ए. सोमसेखरन यांनी 'इकॉनॉमिक टाइम्स'शी केलेली बातचीत.

http://maharashtratimes.indiatimes.com/articleshow/856063.cms

ढिसाळ धोरण आणि दूरदृष्टीच्या अभाव

2007-03-03T14:43:00.002+05:30

म.टा मधील एक सत्य(कथा)लेख. अतिश्य मह्त्वाचा विषय

"अत्यंत अनुकूल परिस्थिती, प्रदेशात असलेले भरपूर टॅलेंट आणि प्रगतीची अपार शक्यता असतानाही एखाद्या राज्याने ढिसाळ धोरणाने आणि दूरदृष्टीच्या अभावाने आपले नुकसान करून घ्यावे, याचे महाराष्ट्र हे सुरेख उदाहरण आहे! आय.टी.च्या बाबतीत या क्षेत्रात प्रचंड तेजी असूनही आपण मागासलेलो आहोत. महाराष्ट्र राज्य हे तंत्रज्ञानाच्या बाबतीत पुढारलेले आहे, हा इतरांचा गोड गैरसमज असून, तो फार दिवस टिकवून ठेवणे आपल्याला जमणार नाही. तपशीलवार विश्लेषण करणारा आयटी क्षेत्रातील उद्योजक प्रशांत पोळ यांचा परखड लेख"

http://maharashtratimes.indiatimes.com/articleshow/1633715.cms

Consulting News by Topix

2007-03-03T14:43:00.001+05:30

पुणे औद्योगिक प्रगती

2007-03-03T14:43:00.000+05:30

पुणे हे महत्वाचे औद्योगिक केंद्र आहे.जगातील सर्वाधिक दुचाक्या बनावणारा बजाज ऑटो उद्योग पुण्यात आहे. टाटा मोटर्स --भारतातील सर्वाधिक प्रवासी वाहतूक आणि औद्योगीक वाहने बनावणारा उद्योग--, कायनेटीक, डाइमलर-क्रायस्लर --मर्सिडिझ-बेंझ--, फोर्स मोटर्स --बजाज टेंपो-- हे उद्योग पुण्यात स्थित आहेत.

पुण्यातील अभियांत्रिकी उद्योग - भारत फोर्ज --जगातील दुसरी सर्वात मोठी फोर्जिंग कंपनी--, कमिन्स इंजिन्स,अल्फा लव्हाल, सँडविक एशिया, थायसन क्रुप --बकाऊ वूल्फ--, केएसबी पंप, फिनोलेक्स, ग्रीव्हज् इंडिया, फोर्ब्स मार्शल, थर्मेक्स इत्यादी.

विद्युत व गृहपयोगी वस्तू निर्माते व्हर्लपूल आणि एल.जी. यांचे उत्पादन कारखाने, फ्रिटो-लेज, कोका-कोला यांचे अन्न प्रक्रिया उद्योग पुण्यात स्थित आहेत. अनेक मध्यम व लहान उद्योग पुण्यात आहेत. आंतरराष्ट्रीय हवाईमार्गाने पुणे जोडले गेले आहे त्यामुळे जवळच्या जिल्ह्यातील अनेक उद्योग निर्यात करु लागले आहेत.

पुण्यात माहिती-तंत्रज्ञान उद्योग विस्तारत आहे. हिंजवडीतील राजीव गांधी आय.टी पार्क, मगरपट्टा सायबरसिटी, तळवडे एम.आय.डी.सी. सॉफ्टवेर पार्क, मॅरिसॉफ्ट आय.टी. पार्क --कल्याणीनगर--, आय.सी.सी. इत्यादी आय.टी पार्क्स मुळे आय.टी उद्योगाची भरभराट चालू आहे.

महत्वाच्या भारतीय सॉफ्टवेर कंपन्या- इन्फोसिस, टाटा, फ्ल्युएंट, क्सांसा, टी.सी.एस., टेक महिंद्रा, विप्रो, पटनी, सत्यम, सायबेज, के.पी.आय.टी. कमिन्स, दिशा, पर्सिस्टंट सिस्टम्स, जियोमेट्रिक सॉफ्टवेयर, नीलसॉफ्ट व कॅनबे पुण्यात आहेत.

महत्वाच्या बहुराष्ट्रीय सॉफ्टवेर कंपन्या- बी.एम.सी. सॉफ्टवेयर, एनव्हिडिया ग्राफिक्स, एच.एस.बी.सी. ग्लोबल टेक्नोलॉजिस, आय.बी.एम., रेड हॅट, सिमेन्स, ई.डी.एस., युजीएस, आयफ्लेक्स, कॉग्नीझंट, सिमांटेक, सनगार्ड, वर्संट, झेन्सार टेक्नालॉजीस, टी-सिस्टम आणि एसएएस, आयपीड्रम.

कॉल सेंटर किंवा बी.पी.ओ. उद्योगात कन्व्हरजिस, डब्ल्यु.एन.एस., इन्फोसिस, विप्रो, इएक्सएल, एमफेसिस या महत्वाच्या आऊटसोर्सींग कंपन्या पुण्यात आहेत.

बाजारपेठ
मार्केट यार्ड व महात्मा फुले भाजी मंडई ही ठिकाणे कृषीउत्पादनांकरिता तर रविवार पेठ हा भाग ग्राहकपयोगी उत्पादनांच्या घाऊक व्यापाराकरिता प्रसिद्ध आहे. बुधवार पेठ विद्यूत आणि संगणकीय उपकरणे, शीतकालिन कपडे, बॅगा, पुस्तके इत्यादी उत्पादनांच्या घाऊक आणि किरकोळ व्यापाराकरिता माहित आहे. तुळशीबाग हा बुधवार पेठेतील भाग तसेच डेक्कनवरील हाँगकाँग-लेन महीलांमध्ये लोकप्रिय नित्योपयोगी उत्पादनांच्या किरकोळ व्यापाराकरिता प्रसिद्ध आहे. याच भागातील अप्पा बळवंत चौक येथे शालेय व इतर पुस्तकांची बाजारपेठे आहे. लक्ष्मी रस्ता कपडे आणि सुवर्णालंकारांच्या खरेदी करिता प्रसिद्ध आहे. कँप विभागातील महात्मा गांधी रस्ता व इस्ट स्ट्रीट, पाश्चात्यवळणाच्या उत्पादनांकरीता माहित आहेत. त्या प्रमाणेच जंगली महाराज रस्ता, फर्गसन रस्ता, कर्वे रस्ता या भागात पण किरकोळ व्यापाराचा मोठ्या प्रमाणावर विस्तार होत आहे. पिंपरी चिंचवड येथे पिंपरी कॅंप व मंडई येथे देखिल मोठी बाजारपेठ आहे.

reference wikipedia, included under GNU free licence

अर्थसंकल्प 2006-2007 ठळक मुद्दे

2007-02-28T15:55:00.000+05:30

* इन्कम टॅक्स स्लॅबमध्ये बदल नाही

* वैयक्तिक करमुक्त उत्पन्नाची मर्यादेत वाढ

पुरुषांसाठी : वाषिर्क १ लाख १० हजार रुपये

स्त्रियांसाठी : वाषिर्क १ लाख ४५ हजार रुपये

ज्येष्ठ नागरीकांसाठी : वाषिर्क १ लाख ९५ हजार रुपये

* डिव्हिडेंटवरील करात १२.५ टक्क्यावरून १५ टक्के एवढी वाढ

* डिव्हिडेंटवरील करवृद्धीमुळे शेअर बाजार पडला

* सेवाकरात बदल नाही

* शिक्षणावरील खर्चात ३४.२ टक्क्याने वाढ

* शालेय शिक्षणावरील खर्चात ३५ टक्क्याने वाढ

* दोन लाख शिक्षक आणि पाच लाख नवे वर्ग उभारणार

* विद्यार्थी गळती रोखण्यासाठी विशेष योजना

* गळती रोखण्यासाठी आठवी , नववी , दहावी , बारावीच्या विद्यार्थ्यार्ंना ६००० रुपये शिष्यवृत्ती

* बजेटमध्ये ग्रामीण भागांकडे विशेष लक्ष

* भारत निर्माण योजनेवरील खर्चात ४४.२ टक्क्याने वाढ

* सर्वकरावरींल एज्युकेशन सेस २ वरून ३ टक्कयावर

* ग्रामीण विद्युतीकरणासाठी ३९८३ कोटी

* ई गव्हर्नन्ससाठी ७१९ कोटींची वाढ

* संरक्षणावरील खर्च ९६ , ००० कोटीपर्यंत

* राष्ट्रकुल स्पर्धांसाठी ५०० कोटी

* विमाने , हेलिकॅप्टर आयात महाग

* चपला , बिस्किटे , प्लायवूड , पाण्याचे फिल्टर , पाइप , सिमेंट , बायोडिझेल , दागिने , कोळसा , खाद्यतेल स्वस्त

* सिगरेट , विडी , तंबाखूयुक्त पानमसाला महाग

* व्हॅटमधून मिळणाऱ्या उत्त्पन्नात २४.३ वाढ

* २ लाख २५ कोटी कृषीकर्ज उपलब्ध करणार

* शेतकऱ्यांसाठी आम आदमी विमा योजना आणणार

* सुवर्ण चतुष्कोण योजना पूर्णत्त्वाच्या मार्गावर

* एड्स नियंत्रणासाठी , पोलिओ उच्चाटनासाठी मोठी तरतूद

काँप्युटर-विकिपेडिया माहितीची सोपी आवृत्ती

2007-02-27T21:52:00.000+05:30

संगणक (काँप्युटर) हे इलेक्ट्रॉनिक स्वरूपात माहिती विश्लेषण, माहिती प्रक्रिया ,सांखिकी आकडेमोड करणारे एक उपकरण आहे. बहुतांश आधुनिक संगणक हे डिजिटल (Digital) स्वरुपातील माहिती हाताळतात.

संगणकविज्ञान हे गणिताची एक शाखा आहे. कठीणता विश्लेषणाचा (complexity analysis) अभ्यास हे ह्या शाखेचे वैशिष्ट्य आहे. शिवाय नवीननवीन तर्कशुद्ध रिती (algorithms) शोधून काढणे हे ह्या शाखेचे दुसरे एक वैशिष्ट्य आहे. आजकाल डेटाबेसेस (Databases) , क्रिप्टोग्राफि (Cryptograpy), नेट्वर्किंग (networking), इमेज प्रोसेसिंग (Image Processing) इत्यादी क्षेत्रात बरेच संगणकशास्त्रज्ञ काम करत असतात.

संगणक वेगवेगळ्या कामांसाठी वापरण्यात येतात. संगणकांना पुरवलेली माहिती आकडे, चित्रे, आवाज अशी बहुरूपी असू शकते, पण संगणकसंचालकांनी रचलेल्या तर्कशुद्ध प्रोग्रॅमनुसार (सूचनांच्या यादीनुसार) आणि पुरवलेल्या माहितीनुसार "आकडेमोडी" करणे हे सामान्य लोकांना अगदी अजब भासणारे संगणकांचे एक वैशिष्ट्य आहे.

पूर्वी अगदी माफक क्षमतेचे संगणक एक मोठी खोली व्यापत असत. आता फक्त अतिकूट आकडेमोडी करू शकणारे अतिप्रभावी संगणक (महासंगणक) तसे मोठे असतात. त्यांना इंग्रजीत "मेनफ्रेम" अशी संज्ञा आहे. नित्याच्या वैयक्तिक वापरासाठी लागणार्या लहान संगणकांना "पर्सनल कंम्प्यूटर" अशी इंग्रजी संज्ञा आहे, तर कुठेही सहज नेता येणार्या छोट्या संगणकंना "नोटबुक कम्प्यूटर" अशी संज्ञा आहे. आज सर्वात अधिक वापरले जाणारे संगणक म्हणजे "एम्बेडेड कंम्प्यूटर". लष्करी विमानांपासून डिजिटल कॅमेरापर्यंत अनंत गोष्टो नियंत्रित करण्यासाठी ते वापरण्यात येतात.

'ऑपरेटिंग सिस्टिम'

ऑपरेटिंग सिस्टिम' म्हणजेच 'संगणक प्रणाली' हे संगणकाचे मूलभूत नियंत्रण करणारे सॉफ्टवेअर आहे. ऑपरेटिंग सिस्टिम ही सॉफ्टवेअरच्या 'सिस्टिमस् सॉफ्टवेअर' ह्या वर्गीकरणात येते. ऑपरेटिंग सिस्टिम ही संगणकच्या हार्डवेअरचे तसेच संगणकावर चालणाऱ्या इतर सर्व सॉफ्टवेअर्सचे (उदा. वेब ब्राऊझर, ईमेल प्रोग्रॅम, वर्ड प्रोसेसर इ.) नियंत्रण करते. इतर सॉफ्टवेअरना लागणाऱ्या काही मूलभूत सॉफ्टवेअर सर्व्हिसेस ऑपरेटिंग सिस्टिम पुरवते.

मायक्रोसॉफ्ट विन्डोज्
मायक्रोसॉफ्ट विंडोज ही व्यक्तिगत संगणकासाठी जगातील सर्वात लोकप्रिय संगणक आज्ञावली आहे. जगभरातील एकूण व्यक्तिगत संगणकांपैकी ९५ टक्क्यांहून अधिक संगणक मायक्रोसॉफ्ट विंडोजच्या कोणत्यातरी एका आवृत्तीवर चालतात. मायक्रोसॉफ्टच्या विंडोजच्या सध्याच्या सर्वात जास्त वापरात असलेल्या आवृत्त्या आहेत: माइक्रोसॉफ्ट विंडोज ९८, माइक्रोसॉफ्ट विंडोज एनटी, माइक्रोसॉफ्ट विंडोज २०००, माइक्रोसॉफ्ट विंडोज एक्सपी. विंडोज ९८ वगळता वरील बहुतांश आवृत्त्या ह्या विंडोज-एनटीवर आधारित आहेत. विंडोजची सर्वात नवीन आवृत्ती 'विंडोज-विस्टा' (अधिकृत घोषणेपूर्वी ही आवृत्ती 'विंडोज-लाँगहॉर्न' म्हणून ओळखली जात होती) ही नुकतीच प्रसिद्ध केली गेली आहे. 'सर्व्हर'-संगणक (Server computers) आणि 'क्लस्टर' -संगणक (cluster computers) या संगणकांसाठी विंडोजच्या काही आवृत्त्या आहेत जसे माइक्रोसॉफ्ट विंडोज २००३ सर्व्हर. काही छोट्या इलेक्ट्रॉनिक्स उपकरणांमध्येदेखील (उदा. लहान संगणक - pocket computers) मायक्रोसॉफ्ट विंडोजची 'विंडोज सी.ई.' (Windows CE) ही आवृत्ती वापरली जाते.
युनिक्स
युनिक्स हे एकमेकांशी साम्य असणाऱ्या काही संगणक आज्ञावलींचे नाव आहे. युनिक्स हा द ओपन ग्रूप (The Open Group) कंपनीचा रजिस्टरर्ड ट्रेडमार्क आहे.'युनिक्स लाईक' म्हणजे युनिक्सवर आधारित अथवा युनिक्सशी साधर्म्य असणाऱ्या अश्या बऱ्याच ऑपरेटिंग सिस्टिम्स सध्या प्रचलित आहेत , उदा. ' ग्नू/लिनक्स (GNU/Linux)', 'फ्री बी एस डी (Free BSD)', 'सोलारिस (Solaris)', 'एच्.पी. यू.एक्स (HP-UX)', 'ओपन बी एस डी (Open BSD)', 'नेट बी एस डी (Net BSD)', 'आय बी एम ए आय एक्स (IBM's AIX)'युनिक्स ही सर्वप्रथम ए.टी अँड टी लॅब्स (AT&T Labs) मध्ये विकसित केली गेली.

मॅक ओ.एस
'मॅक ओ.एस्.' (Mac OS) ही ' अॅपल कंपनीच्या 'मॅकिंटॉश' काँप्युटर्सवर वापरली जाणारी संगणक आज्ञावली आहे

येथील मजकूर GNU Free Documentation Licenseच्या अंतर्गत उपलब्ध आहे. Permission is granted to copy, distribute and/or modify this document under the terms of the GNU Free Documentation License, Version 1.2 or any later version published by the Free Software Foundation; with no Invariant Sections, no Front-Cover Texts, and no Back-Cover Texts. A copy of the license is included in the section entitled "GNU Free Documentation License".

कीर्तिसंपदा:१० लाख हस्तलिखितांचा Online Database

2007-02-22T00:41:00.008+05:30

http://www.namami.org
हा १० लाख हस्तलिखितांचा खजिना ऑनलाइन स्वरूपात आहे.भारताने १० लाख हस्तलिखितांचा "कीर्तिसंपदा' हा इलेक्‍ट्रॉनिक डाटाबेस तयार करून विश्‍वविक्रम नोंदविला आहे. या डाटाबेसमध्ये कौटिल्याचे अर्थशास्त्र, गीतगोविंद व बाबरनामा यांसारख्या प्राचीन ग्रंथांचाही समावेश आहे

क्‍लासमेट कॉम्प्युटर:दीपक शिकारपूर यांचा सकाळ मधील लेख

2007-02-22T00:41:00.007+05:30

http://www.gomantaktimes.com/esakal/01172007/4936658E1D.htm

मनकवडे कम्प्युटर्स: अच्युत गोडबोले यांच्या म.टा लेखाची लिन्क

2007-02-22T00:41:00.006+05:30

मनकवडे कम्प्युटर्स:
http://maharashtratimes.indiatimes.com/articleshow/2206797.cms

बातमी: माहिती अधिकार अधिनियम २००५

2007-02-22T00:41:00.005+05:30

माहिती स्त्रोतः म.टा.

राष्ट्रपतींची १२ जूनला मंजुरी मिळाल्यावर, 'माहिती अधिकार अधिनियम २००५' ची अमलबजावणी १२० दिवसांत सुरू होणे अपेक्षित होते. कायद्याने दिलेल्या अधिकारानुसार कोणत्याही व्यक्तीने मागितलेली माहिती ३० दिवसांच्या आत उपलब्ध करून देण्याची जबाबदारी सरकारने नेमलेल्या माहिती आयुक्तालयांवर आहे. मुदतीत माहिती पुरवणे शक्य नसल्यास त्याचे लेखी कारण द्यावे लागेल.

गावातला रस्ता असो की विकासकामांच्या कंत्राटांचे तपशील, नोकरशाही व ठेकेदारांचे संगनमत असल्याचा संशय कोणाच्याही मनात आल्यास, कायदेशीर अधिकारांचा वापर करीत गैरकारकारभारावर अंकुश ठेवणे यापुढे शक्य होईल. सरकारी कामात वापरल्या जाणाऱ्या सामग्रीची गुणवत्ता हलक्या दर्जाची वाटल्यास, तपासणीसाठी ती प्रयोगशाळेतही पाठवता येईल.
केंद सरकारने आपल्या कार्यालयांमधल्या प्रत्येक माहितीसाठी १० रुपये फी आकारण्याचे ठरवले आहे. याखेरीज प्रत्येक पानासाठी वेगळे २ रुपये. तर, ५० रुपये मोजल्यास ही माहिती कम्प्युटरच्या फ्लॉपीवरही तयार करून मिळेल. इतकेच नव्हे; संबंधित कार्यालयात बसून मूळ फायलींची तपासणी करण्याचा अधिकारही नागरिकांना आहे. एक तास फाइल चाळण्यास कोणतीही फी नाही; मात्र त्यानंतरच्या प्रत्येक १५ मिनिटांना ५ रुपये दराने सरकारी फीचे मीटर सुरू होईल.

माहिती नेमकी कशासाठी हवी, याच्या कारणांचे तपशील देण्याची आवश्यकता नाही अर्जात संपूर्ण पत्त्यासह आपले नाव मात्र अर्जदाराला नमूद करावे लागेल. माहिती पुरवण्याची टाळाटाळ करणाऱ्या अधिकाऱ्यांना प्रतिदिनी २५० रुपयांप्रमाणे दंडाची तरतूदही नव्या कायद्यात आहे.

वैज्ञानिक व तांत्रिक परिभाषेच्या निर्मितीची तत्वे

2007-02-22T00:41:00.004+05:30

भाषा सल्लागार मंडळाने वैज्ञानिक व तांत्रिक परिभाषेच्या निर्मितीसाठी आधारभूत म्हणून निदेशक तत्त्वे ठरवून दिलेली आहेत.सारांश खालिल प्रमाणे

हिंदी वैज्ञानिक व तांत्रिक परिभाषेची निर्मिती करताना केंद्र सरकारने विज्ञान व तंत्रज्ञान क्षेत्रात यापूर्वी झालेल्या कार्याचा आढावा घेतला होता आणि निरनिराळ्या राज्यात याबाबत एकूण कार्यात समन्वय साधण्याचे प्रयत्नही केले होते.मराठी परिभाषेची निर्मिती करताना देखील त्याच धोरणाचा अवलंब करून प्रत्येक विद्याशाखेतील शब्दाचे संकलन करणे अगत्याचे आहे.त्यासाठी केंद्र सरकारने तयार केलेली विज्ञान शब्दावली आधारभूत मानून ,पुणे विद्यापीठ,माध्यमिक शिक्षण मंडळ आणि इतर विज्ञान संस्थांच्या शब्दावल्यांचाही विचार करावा. तसेच माध्यमिक स्तरावरील वैज्ञानिक व तांत्रिक विषयांच्या पाठ्य पुस्तकातून पुष्कळशा तांत्रिक शब्दांचे जे पर्याय रूढ झाले आहेत,ते देखील विचारात घ्यावेत

तेव्हा मराठीतून माहिती-देवाण घेवाण करताना आपणही या तत्वांचा अवलंब करू.तसेच जगाची व्यापार भाषा ही मुख्यत: English आहे.तेव्हा english terminology माहित असणे हे कधिही हीतकारकच!!इंटर्नेट वर अशी ग्लोसरी उपलब्ध आहे त्या लिन्क्स लवकरच प्रसिद्ध करीन.

व्यवसाय प्रकार/वर्गीकरण (Types of business)

2007-02-22T00:41:00.003+05:30

व्यवसायाचे उद्दिष्ट, संघटन पद्धती, उत्पादन व वितरणकार्याचे स्वरूप इत्यादी घटकांवर व्यवसायाचा प्रकार अवलंबून असतो. व्यवसायाचा आकार, उत्पादनाचे स्वरूप, संघटन-पद्धती इत्यादीनुसार व्यवसायप्रकारेच वर्गीकरण करता येते.अर्थात ही महिती प्राथमिक स्वरूपाची आहे.प्रत्येक वर्गासंबंधी स्वतंत्र चर्चा आवश्यक आहे,जी आपण करूच!

व्यवसायाच्या आकारानुसार वर्गीकरण
1) कुटिरोद्योग व घरगुती उद्योग
2) लघुउद्योग
3) मध्यम प्रमाणावर उत्पादन करणारे उद्योग
4) मोठ्या प्रमाणावरील उद्योग

उत्पादन स्वरूपानुसार वर्गीकरण
1) मूलभूत उद्योग ( Primary Industries)
2) पूरक उद्योग ( Supplementary Industries)
3) सेवा उद्योग ( Service Industries)
4) शेती उद्योग ( Agriculture)

संघटन-पद्धतीनुसार वर्गीकरण
1) व्यक्तिगत व्यापार
2) भागीदारी संस्था
3) संयुक्त भांडवली संस्था
4) सहकारी संस्था

व्यवसायक्षेत्रानुसार वर्गीकरण
1) खाजगी उद्योग
2) सार्वजनिक उद्योग.

अनेक विषय नाहीत एकच सर्वव्यापी!!

2007-02-22T00:41:00.002+05:30

व्यवसाय,व्यापार व्यवहार,अर्थ,निती,तंत्रञान हे विविध विषय नसून एकाच विषयाचे निरनिराळे पॆलू आहेत.दिवसेंदीवस या विषयांची आंतर-जोड्णी वाढ्त आहे.याचे मुख्य कारण म्हणजे प्रगतीचा वेग.व्यापारी व्यवहारात अमुलाग्र बदल होत आहे.व्यापारी-क्षेत्र मर्यादा ही जागतीक स्वरूप धारण करत आहे.ही अचानक घड्लेली गोष्ट नाही.तो इतिहास हा एक स्वतंत्र विषय आहे.

व्यापारी व्यवहार हा एकूण व्यवसायाचा महत्त्वाचा भाग होय, व्यापारी व्यवहारात खरेदी, विक्री,पुनर्विकी अशा प्रकारचे व्यवहार अपेक्षित असतात. व्यापार-व्यवहारामुळेच उत्पादित वस्तू ग्राहकांपर्यत पोहोचत असते.उत्पादनसंस्थेचे उद्दिष्ट फक्त `वस्तूंची निर्मिती करणे ' एवढेच नसून निर्माण केलेल्या वस्तू व सेवा उपभोक्त्त्यांपर्यत पोहोचवून त्यांच्या गरजांची पूर्तता करून त्यांना त्यापासून समाधान मिळवून देणे हेही उद्दिष्ट असते. म्हणजेच `उपभोगासाठी उत्पादन ' हे उद्दिष्ट गाठण्याचा प्रयत्न प्रत्येक उत्पादन करणारी संस्था करीत असते. उत्पादक व ग्राहक यांतील अंतर कमी करून व्यापार-व्यवहारास चालना मिळावी यासाठी विविध प्रकारची यंत्रणा कार्यरत असलेली दिसून येते. उदा. व्यापारी मध्यस्थ, वाहतूक ,बँका इ. `आजची अर्थव्यवस्था ' व्यापार-व्यवहारांभोवतीच केंद्रित झाली असल्याचे दिसून येते. उत्पादनसंस्थांचा विकास व्यापाराच्या विकासावर अवलंबून असतो. व्यापार म्हणजे निव्वळ वस्तूंची खरेदी-विक्री एवढाच मर्यादित अर्थ लक्षात घेऊन चालणार नाही. वस्तूंचे देवाण-घेवाण अधिकाधिक क्लिष्ट होत असल्याकारणाने वेगवेगळ्या मध्यस्थांची, सल्लागारांची व अन्य आवश्यक सेवा( जाहिरात, प्रसिद्धी, कला वगेरे) उपलब्ध करून देणाऱ्यांची निर्मिती व विकास झालेला दिसून येतो. संपूर्ण अर्थव्यवस्थेत ज्या ज्या आर्थिक घडामोडी होतात त्या सर्वाच्या मुळाशी व्यापारी कार्ये आहेत. ज्ञान, तंत्रज्ञान, कौशल्य यांची देखील खरेदी-विक्री होत असल्याचे आज दिसून येते ज्याला आपण सर्विस इन्ड्स्ट्री असे गोंड्स नाव दीले आहे

व्यव्साय ,उद्योग आणि परिणामी नवीन वर्ग पद्धती

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उद्योगधंदे व व्यवसाय ' ही प्रगत मानवाची आर्थिक क्रिया आहे. मानवी श्रम व यंत्रनिर्मिती
यांचा वापर करून वस्तूंचे उत्पादन चांगले व मोठ्या प्रमाणावर करणे शक्य झाले आहे. मानवाच्या
आर्थिक क्रियेत उद्योगधंद्यांचा उदय झाल्यानंतर क्रांतिकारक बदल झाले. या आर्थिक क्रियेने मानवाला
जीवनावश्यक गरजा पूर्ण करून उरेल एवढे प्रचंड उत्पादन सहजसुलभ केले. आजच्या उद्योगधंद्याने
मानवी समाजावर फार दूरगामी परिणाम केलेले आहेत. जीवनाच्या विविध क्षेत्रांवर उद्योगधंद्याचांच ठसा
उमटलेला आहे. सारांश व्यवसाय अगर उद्योगधंदे आणि समाज यांचा अगदी निकटचा संबंध आहे.

आपल्याला आवडो किंवा न-आवडो ,आर्थिक दृष्टीनी पाहिल्यास आजकाल व्यवसाय, संपत्ती शिक्षण यामुळे समान जीवनपद्धती,समान विचारसरणी, समान भावना, समान अभिवृत्ती व समान वतर्तनप्रकार असणाऱ्या व्यक्तींचा समूह
म्हणजे वर्ग. प्रत्येक समाजवर्गाचा एक विशिष्ट दर्जा दिसून येतो, व दर्जाप्रमाणे त्या गटाला समाजात
स्थान असते.

उद्योगधंद्यांचा वर्गपद्धतीवर निश्चितच परिणाम होत असतो. ग्रामीण भागात मजूरवर्ग, शेतकरीवर्ग
आढळून येतात. तर शहरी भागात जेथे उद्योगधंद्यांचा विकास तीव्र स्वरूपात झाला आहे अशा ठिकाणी
उद्योजक, कामगार, व्यवस्थापक असे वर्ग आढळून येतात. तसेच प्रमुख शहरामध्ये
नोकरदार अधिक प्रमाणात दिसतो.

पुढ्च्या भागात यासंबंधी काहि अजून माहिती घेऊ.

उद्दिष्ट आणि माहितीचे स्वरुप

2007-02-22T00:41:00.000+05:30

नमस्कार,Hi,

या ब्लोग वर व्यवस्थापन(Management) आणि तंत्रञान(Technology) या विषयांवर माहिती देण्याचा प्रयत्न आहे.येथील माहिती सोबत कहि बाह्य लिंक्स पण उपलब्द्ध करून देऊ.मराठी भाषेत या विषयावर संकलीत माहिती फारशी नाही अथवा इन्टरनेट वर तरी उपलब्द्ध नाही.या ब्लॉग वर ही माहिती लघुलेखांच्या स्वरूपात लिहिण्याचा हा स्व-प्रकल्प-प्रयत्न आहे.एका लेखात एका वेळी एक लहान सिद्धांत शक्यतो नोंद केला जाईल.वीषय कठिणआहे या महिती चे जोड्णी केलेले संकलीत स्वरूप देखिल आवश्यक आहे ,त्या साठी एक संदर्भ-स्थळ(reference website)सुद्धा तयार होते आहे.माझ्या लिन्क्स वर
लक्ष असु द्या.पुढे या विषयांवर पुरेशी माहिती वेब्साईट च्या माध्यमातून उपलब्द्ध झाल्यास या ब्लॉग वर पुरक अश्या नवनवीन घडामोडीचा आढावा घेऊन खरे ब्लॉग स्वरूपाचे सार्थक होईल.सध्या सुरूवात म्हणून काही पोस्टिंग्ज च्या माध्यमातून मुलभूत संकल्पनां असा प्रारंभ करू.

महितीची व्यापकता ही अर्थ,व्यस्थापन,बाजार,देश-अर्थकारण,कायदे अशी ब्रॉड असुन सखोल अभ्यासासाठी अनेक संदर्भ लागू शकतील.

या माहिती च्या पाठची भुमिका ही मराठी लोकांचे अर्थ-व्यवसाय-व्यवस्थापन-तंत्र या वीषयांवर सॆद्धांतिक आणि व्यावहारीक ञान वाढवून जागरूकतता आणणे ही आहे.या कामास कोणी हातभार लावू ईच्छित असेल तर जरूर संपर्क साधावा.माझी माहिती ही ओळ्ख सदराखाली नोंदवलेली आहे.

कहि ठराविक प्रश्न असल्यास अवश्य विचारा.

धन्यवाद,

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2007-02-12T01:26:00.001+05:30